Polydentate heteroatom ligand containing metal complexes, catalysts and methods of making and using the same

ABSTRACT

Metal complexes comprising certain polydentate heteroatom containing ligands, catalysts, and coordination polymerization processes employing the same are suitably employed to prepare polymers having desirable physical properties.

CROSS REFERENCE STATEMENT

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/750,947, filed Dec. 16, 2005.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to ligands, ligand-metal compositions,complexes, and catalysts useful in the polymerization of olefins andother transformations, as well as processes for the polymerization ofmonomers (including vinylidene aromatic monomers) and to the novelpolymers obtained thereby.

Ancillary (or spectator) ligand-metal coordination complexes (includingorganometallic complexes) and compositions are useful as catalysts,additives, stoichiometric reagents, solid-state precursors, therapeuticreagents and drugs. In the field of polymerization catalysis, andparticularly in connection with homogeneous catalysts including singlesite catalysis, the ancillary ligand typically offers opportunities tomodify the electronic and/or steric environment surrounding an activemetal center. This allows the ancillary ligand to assist in the creationof possibly different polymers, as well as to control many of theimportant polymerization characteristics of a process employing suchcomplexes. For example, the ancillary ligands may have a large effect onthe catalytic efficiency, the useful operating temperature and pressureof the catalytic process, the polymerization rate and polymer yield perunit time, and the ability to control the molecular weight of theproduct. Group 4 based single site and other homogeneous catalysts aregenerally known for catalyzing a variety of coordination polymerizationreactions. See, generally, “The Search for New-Generation OlefinPolymerization Catalysts: Life beyond Metallocenes”, Gibson, et al.,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 428-447; Organometallics 1999, 18,3649-3670 and “Advances in Non-Metallocene Olefin PolymerizationCatalysts”, Gibson, et al., Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 283-315.

The polymerization of vinylidene aromatic monomers, especially styreneand substituted styrenes, to form non-stereoregular polymers has provendifficult to accomplish using non-metallocene catalysts. Recently, Okudaand other researchers have reported the results of their investigations,See, Okuda et al., J. Organometallic Chem., 689 (2004) 4636-4641, Okudaet al., Organometallics, 224, 2971-2982 (2005), WO 2004/078765, Kim, etal., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2004, 25, 1319-1323, and Proto et al.,Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5942-5946. In general, the known processes havebeen limited to the use of relatively low reaction temperatures and theproduction of undifferentiated polymers.

Despite the efforts of many workers in the field, a need remains forcommercially suitable catalyst systems for the polymerization ofmonomers, and in particular for the homopolymerization orcopolymerization of vinylidene aromatic monomers, especially styrene orsubstituted styrenes, for the production of polymers having molecularweights high enough for general commercial use, and variabletacticities, at high reaction temperatures. In particular, what isneeded is a catalyst or family of catalysts capable of making a range ofvinylidene aromatic polymers with differing degrees of stereoregularitythat can be controlled by the appropriate choice of catalyst andconditions. A range of product opportunities could then exist, includingpolymers uniquely suited for preparation via high temperature solutionpolymerization processes.

In particular, solution polymerization processes running at greater than100° C. using coordination catalysts capable of producing vinylidenearomatic polymers with commercially useful molecular weights andmolecular architecture are still desired in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides polydentate, heteroatom containing ligands, metalcomplexes, and compositions that are useful as catalysts for a varietyof transformations, including olefin oligomerization or polymerizationreactions. In addition, the invention provides novel methods foroligomerizing or polymerizing vinylidene aromatic monomers into productshaving desirable properties. Finally, the invention provides techniquesfor preparing the foregoing ligands, metal complexes, compositions, andoligomeric or polymeric products as well as novel oligomers and polymersresulting from the foregoing reactions.

In general, the invention is directed toward metal complexes of theformula:

Y¹, Y², Y³ and Y⁴ is each independently selected from the groupconsisting of oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur; and optional donor bondsbetween Y¹ and M and between Y² and M are indicated by dashed arrows;

Z is a divalent group having up to 50 atoms, preferably from 2 to 50atoms, not counting hydrogen atoms;

each AR is a divalent aromatic group of up to 50 atoms, not countinghydrogen atoms;

each T is a group having up to 30 atoms total of the general formula:—(CR²⁰ _(2-x″))_(x′)—, wherein each R²⁰ substituent is independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl,inertly substituted hydrocarbyl, and groups of the formula: Q(R²¹)_(y),wherein R²¹ is hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, or inertly substitutedhydrocarbyl, Q is O, P, S, N, Si or B, and y is an integer from 1 to 3equal to one less than the valence of Q; x′ is 1 or 2; and x″ is 0 or 1;and optionally two or more R²⁰ substituents may be joined into a ring-or multiring-structure having from 3 to 50 atoms, provided that saidring structure is not an aromatic group;

M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Groups 36 andLanthanides of the Periodic Table of the Elements, especially, Y, Zr,Hf, Ti, V, or Cr, more preferably Zr or Hf;

n is a number from 1 to 6, preferably 2; and

each L is a neutral, monovalent or divalent ligand containing up to 50atoms not counting hydrogen, preferably a monovalent ligand group.

Particular aspects of the invention include varying the identity of theligands and/or metal in the complex in order to particularize the metalcomplex for use as a catalyst in a variety of reactions. Variations inthe AR groups, T groups and Z groups will change the structure and/oridentity of pendent groups, thereby affecting catalytic properties. Forexample, variation as to the T group will vary the metallocycle size andvariation as to the Z group may be used to vary the size of thechelating group, all of which may be employed to affect the activity andstereoselectivity and regioselectivity of the catalyst.

In general, in another aspect, the invention provides catalytic methods.In the methods, one or more reagents is reacted in the presence of acatalyst comprising a composition or complex as described above, and,optionally, one or more activators, under conditions sufficient to yieldone or more reaction products. In general, in another aspect, theinvention provides a process for the polymerization of additionpolymerizable monomers, especially C₂₋₂₀ α-olefins employing theforegoing catalyst composition.

In another aspect, the invention is directed toward a method ofproducing vinylidene aromatic polymers by coordination polymerization,comprising polymerizing one or more vinylidene aromatic monomers,especially one or more of styrene or a substituted styrene, undersolution polymerization conditions at a reaction temperature greaterthan or equal to 100° C. in the presence of the foregoing catalystcomposition. Desirably the resulting polymers in one embodiment of thepresent invention contain significant numbers of isotactic vinylidenearomatic sequences as determined by triad sequence distribution, yetthey retain a high clarity and a low level of crystallinity, as measuredby Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Highly desirably theypossess an isotactic index (percent mm triads) between 35 and 95percent, more desirably still, between 40 and 93 percent, between 40 and90 percent, or even between 40 and 85 percent. In addition, the polymersmay also possess a relatively low crystallinity, as measured by DSC,such that the resulting polymers are substantially amorphous.

Also in more specific embodiments, the reaction temperature is higherthan 100° C., more preferably higher than 110° C., or higher even than115° C. In yet another aspect directed to copolymerization of one ormore vinylidene aromatic monomers, optionally in combination with one ormore non-vinylidene aromatic monomers, especially one or more aliphaticα-olefins, the invention is directed toward a method of producingpolymers having selected properties, especially substantially amorphousstructure, employing the foregoing polymerization conditions. Thecatalyst used in these aspects comprises the foregoing metal complexaccording to formula I and one or more activating cocatalysts.

In an additional aspect, the invention is directed toward the polymerscontaining significant numbers of isotactic vinylidene aromaticsequences, while retaining a high clarity and a low level ofcrystallinity. Highly desirably the polymers possess an isotactic indexbetween 35 and 95 percent, more desirably still, between 40 and 93percent, between 40 and 90 percent, or even between 40 and 85 percent,and a relatively low crystallinity, such that the resulting polymers aresubstantially amorphous, preferably no crystallinity, as measured byDSC.

The invention can be implemented to provide one or more of the followingadvantages. The ligands, compositions, complexes and polymerizationmethods of the invention can be used to provide catalysts producingpolymers of vinylidene aromatic monomers having controlled tacticity.Catalysts incorporating the ligands, compositions and/or complexes canbe used to catalyze a variety of transformations, such as olefinoligomerization or polymerization. By selecting an appropriate ligandand metal, compositions and/or complexes can be obtained to provide fordesired properties in the resulting product. Thus, polymers producedusing the ligands, compositions, complexes, and methods of the inventioncan exhibit higher (or lower or no) melting points, higher (or lower)molecular weights, and/or higher (or lower) crystallinities, thanpolymers produced using prior known catalysts. In some embodiments,products having little or no stereoregularity or possessing otherdesirable product properties can be obtained by selecting catalysts andprocess conditions that provide those products. In other embodiments,products having isotacticity or other desirable product properties canbe obtained by selecting catalysts and process conditions that providethose products. Thus, the catalysts can be selected to produce a desiredtacticity, from isotactic to atactic. Moreover, due to the incorporationof sufficient stereo-errors in the resulting polymer, amorphous polymershaving significant numbers of isotactic triad sequences, but havingperformance properties similar to conventionally prepared atacticpolyvinylidene aromatic polymers, can be prepared. Catalystsincorporating the present ligands, compositions and/or complexes can beused according to the polymerization methods of the invention to producepolymers under commercially desirable polymerization conditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

All reference to the Periodic Table of the Elements herein shall referto the Periodic Table of the Elements, published and copyrighted by CRCPress, Inc., 2003. Any reference to a Group or Groups shall be to theGroup or Groups as reflected in this Periodic Table of the Elementsusing the IUPAC system for numbering groups. For purposes of UnitedStates patent practice, the contents of any patent, patent application,or publication referenced herein are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety (or the contents of the equivalent US version thereof areso incorporated by reference) especially with respect to the disclosureof synthetic techniques, definitions and general knowledge in the art.Unless stated to the contrary, clear from the context, or conventionalin the art, all parts and percents are based on weight.

The term “comprising” and derivatives thereof is not intended to excludethe presence of any additional component, step or procedure, whether ornot the same is disclosed herein. In order to avoid any doubt, allcompositions claimed herein through use of the term “comprising” mayinclude any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound whether polymericor otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term,“consisting essentially of” excludes from the scope of any succeedingrecitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those thatare not essential to operability or are only present de minimis. Theterm “consisting of” excludes any component, step or procedure notspecifically delineated or listed. The term “or”, unless statedotherwise, refers to the listed members individually as well as in anycombination.

As used herein, the phrase “characterized by the formula” is notintended to be limiting and is used in the same way that “comprising” iscommonly used. The term “independently selected” is used herein meansthat the indicated groups can be identical or different. Use of thesingular includes use of the plural and vice versa (for example, theterm “hexane solvent”, includes all hexane isomers). The term “compound”refers to an organic or inorganic substance composed of the atoms orions of two or more elements. The term “complex” refers to a compoundcomprising one or more metal cations and one or more anionic or neutralligands, at least one of said ligands being bonded to the metal by meansof donor electrons. For the purposes of illustration, representativegroups and compounds are named herein. These enumerated groups andcompounds are intended to supplement and illustrate suitableembodiments, and not to preclude other groups or compounds reasonablyknown to those of skill in the art.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where itdoes not occur. For example, the phrase “optionally substitutedhydrocarbyl” means that a hydrocarbyl moiety may or may not besubstituted and that the description includes both substitutedhydrocarbyl groups and unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups.

The term “substituted” as in “substituted hydrocarbyl,” “substitutedaryl,” “substituted alkyl,” and the like, means that in the group inquestion (for example, the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl or other moiety thatfollows the term), at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon atom orother native atom of the group is replaced with a substituent orsubstituent group of up to 50 atoms excluding structures encompassed bythe base named group. For example, aryl substituted aryl groups or alkylsubstituted alkyl groups are simply classed as aryl or alkyl groupsrather than substituted aryl or substituted alkyl groups, respectively.Examples of suitable substituents (depending on the base group to whichthey are attached) include: hydrocarbyl-, hydroxy-, alkoxy-,hydrocarbylthio-, dihydrocarbylphosphino-, dihydrocarbylamino-, halo-,trihydrocarbylsilyl-, and trihydrocarbylsilylmethyl-groups. When theterm “substituted” introduces a list of possible substituted groups, itis intended that the term apply to every member of that group. That is,the phrase “substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl” is to be interpretedas “substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl and substituted alkynyl.”Similarly, “optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl” is to beinterpreted as “optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl and optionally substituted alkynyl.”

The term “saturated” refers to a compound or group having only singlebonds between chain atoms such as ethyl, cyclohexyl, pyrrolidinyl, oracetyl. The term “unsaturated” refers compounds or groups possessing oneor more double or triple bonds or a delocalized dolocalized electronicstructure, such as vinyl, allyl, phenyl, acetylide, oxazolinyl,cyclohexenyl, or 1,3-butadienyl. Alkenyl and alkynyl groups, as well asgroups having delocalized electrons, such as aromatic hydrocarbyl groupsand heteroaryl groups, are unsaturated groups.

The terms “cyclo” and “cyclic” are used herein to refer to saturated orunsaturated groups or compounds containing three or more atoms joined ina single ring or in multiple rings, including fused ring systems whereinat least two rings are joined by means of two adjacent atoms common toboth rings, bridged ring systems wherein two or more nonadjacent atomsare common to at least two rings, and spiro-rings, wherein at least tworings are joined by means of a single common atom. Suitable cyclicmoieties include, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctenyl,bicyclooctyl, phenyl, diphenyl, napthyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, thiophenyl,and imidazolyl.

The term “hydrocarbyl” refers to radicals containing only carbon andhydrogen. Preferred groups are those containing from 1 to 50 carbonatoms, especially from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, more specifically from 1 to16 carbon atoms. Branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated orunsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkenylgroups, and aryl groups are all included. The term “heterohydrocarbyl”refers to a group containing at least one atom in addition to carbon orhydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur,phosphorus, boron, chlorine, fluorine, and silicon.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a branched or unbranchedsaturated, acyclic hydrocarbyl group bonded by means of one carbonthereof, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, t-butyl, octyl, and decyl. The term “cycloalkyl” refers tocyclic, including polycyclic, saturated hydrocarbyl groups. Examplesinclude cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, dicyclopentyl, norbornyl,octahydronapthyl, and spiro[3.4]octyl.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to a branched or unbranched,acyclic hydrocarbyl group typically, although not necessarily,containing from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and at least one double bond.Examples include: ethenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 2-propen-1-yl, 3-buten-1-yl,3-buten-2-yl, 7-octen-1-yl, 9-decen-1-yl, or 1,3-pentadien-1-yl.Preferred alkenyl groups herein contain from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Theterm “cycloalkenyl” refers to cyclic, including polycyclic, unsaturatedhydrocarbyl groups bonded by means of one carbon thereof and containingat least one double bond. Examples include 2-cyclopentene-1-yl,2-cyclohexen-1-yl, 4-(2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl, and2,3-cyclopentadien-1-yl.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to a branched or unbranched,acyclic hydrocarbyl group, typically although not necessarily,containing from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and at least one triple bond, suchas ethynyl, 1-methylethynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butyn-1-yl, 3-butyn-2-yl,7-octyn-1-yl, and 9-decyn-1-yl. The term “cycloalkynyl” refers tocyclic, including polycyclic, unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups bonded bymeans of one carbon thereof and containing at least one triple bond.Examples include 2-cyclopentyne-1-yl, 2-cyclohexyn-1-yl,3-cyclohexyn-1-yl, and 1,3-cyclohexadien-5-yne-2-yl.

The term “aromatic” or refers to a cyclic or polycyclic group thatincludes unsaturation that is delocalized across all ring atoms of atleast one ring thereof. Multiple aromatic rings, if present, may befused together or linked covalently through single atoms of each ring,optionally through a common group such as a methylene, ethylene oroxygen moiety. Examples include: phenyl, naphthalenyl, diphenyl,anthracenyl, pyridinyl, and phenanthrenyl. In particular embodiments,such groups include up to 50 atoms not counting hydrogen, typically 6 to50 atoms not counting hydrogen, and specifically 6 to 16 atoms notcounting hydrogen. Monovalent aromatic groups are referred to as arylgroups. Divalent aromatic groups are referred to as arylene groups. Allisomers are included. For example, “naphthalenyl” includes1-naphthalenyl and 2-naphthalenyl; “anthracenyl” includes 1-anthracenyl,2-anthracenyl, and 5-anthracenyl, and “phenanthrenyl” includes1-phenanthrenyl, 2-phenanthrenyl, 3-phenanthrenyl, 4-phenanthrenyl, and5-phenanthrenyl.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein means an alkyl group bound through asingle, terminal oxygen atom. An “alkoxy” group may be represented as—O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above. The term “aryloxy” is used ina similar fashion, and may be represented as —O-aryl, with aryl aspreviously defined. The term “hydroxy” refers to —H.

Similarly, the term “alkylthio” as used herein means an alkyl groupbound through a single, terminal sulfur atom. An “alkylthio” group maybe represented as —S-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above. The term“arylthio” is used similarly, and may be represented as —S-aryl, witharyl as previously defined. The term “mercapto” refers to —SH.

The terms “halo”, “halogen”, and “halide” refer to a chloro, bromo,fluoro or iodo radicals, atoms or anions, respectively.

The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocyclic” refer to a cyclic compound orgroup in which one or more atoms in a ring are not carbon atoms. Fusedring compounds or radicals, including heteroaryl groups, as definedbelow, are included. Heterocyclic groups include saturated andunsaturated groups, including heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, andheteroaryl groups. Specific examples of heterocycles includepyrrolidine, pyrroline, furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiophene, imidazole,oxazole, thiazole, and indole, including all isomers. Additionalheterocycles are described, for example, in Alan R. Katritzky, Handbookof Heterocyclic Chemistry, Pergammon Press, 1985, and in ComprehensiveHeterocyclic Chemistry, 2d ed., A. R. Katritzky et al., eds., Elsevier,1996. The term “metallocycle” refers to a heterocycle in which one ormore of the heteroatoms in the ring or rings are metals.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aryl radical that includes one ormore heteroatoms in at least one aromatic ring. Specific heteroarylgroups include thiopheneyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, triazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl,imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, carbazolyl, benzofuranyl,and benzothiopheneyl.

More generally, the modifiers “hetero” and “heteroatom-containing”, asin “heteroaryl” or “heteroatom-containing aromatic group” refer to amolecule or molecular fragment containing one or more heteroatoms. Theterm “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group bonded by means of a carbonatom thereof to the remainder of the compound or complex, and containingone or more heteroatom containing substituents. Examples includechloroalkyl or hydroxymethyl, but not alkoxy groups. When the term“heteroatom-containing” introduces a list of possibleheteroatom-containing groups, it is intended that the term apply toevery member of that group. That is, the phrase “heteroatom-containingalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl” is to be interpreted as“heteroatom-containing alkyl, heteroatom-containing alkenyl andheteroatom-containing alkynyl.” The term “heterocarbon” refers to agroup consisting only of carbon and heteroatoms, for example,fluorocarbon, refers to a group containing only carbon and fluorine.Heteroaryl groups may be bonded to the remainder of the compound orcomplex by means of a heteroatom.

By “divalent” as in “divalent hydrocarbyl”, “divalent alkyl”, or“divalent aryl”, is meant that the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, or aryl moietycontains two separate electronic interactions (bonds) with additionalatoms or groups. The interactions may be through the same or differentatoms. Examples include two covalent bonds, a double bond, a covalentbond and a π-bond, or two π-bonds. “Trivalent”, “tetravalent” andsimilar terms refer to groups possessing three, four or more suchinteractions, respectively. The term “inert” as in “inertly substituted”refers to any substituent or component that does not adversely react orinterfere with the synthesis or any subsequent desired reaction or useof the ligand or compound.

As used herein the term “silane” refers to SiZ¹Z²Z³Z⁴, where each of Z¹,Z², Z³, and Z⁴ is independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl,heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, heterocarbyl, or a combinationthereof. Similarly, “silyl” refers to -SiZ¹Z²Z³, “borane” refers toBZ¹Z²Z³, “boryl” refers to the -BZ¹Z² group, “phosphine” refers to:PZ¹Z²Z³, “phosphino” refers to the group —PZ¹Z², “amine” refers to:NZ¹Z²Z³, and “amino” refers to the —NZ¹Z², where each of Z¹, Z² and Z³is as defined above. When the heteroatom is joined to a metal ormetalloid, the foregoing phosphorus and nitrogen containing radicals arerenamed as “phosphido” and “amido” groups, respectively.

Other abbreviations used herein include: “Pr” to refer to isopropyl;“Bu” to refer to tert-butyl; “Me” to refer to methyl; “Et” to refer toethyl; “Ph” to refer to phenyl; “Ms” to refer to mesityl(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl); “TFA” to refer to trifluoroacetate; “THF” torefer to tetrahydrofuran; “Ts” refers to toluenesulfonyl; “Tf” refers totrifluoromethanesulfonyl; “Ac” refers to acetate; “Bz” refers to benzyl;“Ar” refers to aryl; “aralkyl” refers to arylalkyl; and “Cbz” refers toN-carbazole (specifically the N-dibenzopyrrolyl ligand).

The term “vinylidene aromatic monomer”, refers to organic compoundscomprising ethylenic unsaturation corresponding to the formula:CR″₂═CR′″R*, wherein

R″ independently each occurrence is hydrogen, halogen, or optionallysubstituted-C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl, or heterocarbyl,preferably hydrogen;

R′″ is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted-C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl,heterohydrocarbyl, or heterocarbyl, preferably hydrogen or methyl; and

R* is an aromatic hydrocarbyl- or substituted hydrocarbyl group,preferably phenyl, biphenyl, p-vinylphenyl, chlorophenyl or tolyl(including all isomers individually or in any combination).

The metal complexes according to the invention are prepared bycontacting a metal compound (precursor) with a source of the polydentateheteroatom containing ligand. Preferred ligand sources are neutralcompounds according to the following formula:

wherein LG is a leaving group having up to 10 atoms, that allows forcomplex formation, that is joining of the ligand to the remnant of themetal compound; and Z, Y¹, Y², Y³, Y⁴, Z each AR and T are as previouslydefined with respect to formula I. In a preferred embodiment, LG is H,lithium, butylmagnesium, or similar leaving group well understood bythose of skill in the art.

In other embodiments, the ligand source of this invention are compoundscharacterized by the formula:

wherein R¹-R⁸ are each independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl,heterohydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, substituted hydrocarbyloxy, silyl,siloxy, boryl, dihydrocarbylphosphino, substituteddihydrocarbylphosphino, dihydrocarbylamino, substituteddihydrocarbylamino, hydrocarbylthio, substituted hydrocarbylthio,combinations thereof, and multiple ring including fused ring derivativesof the foregoing, said substituent having up to 50 atoms in total. Inaddition, any two or more selected from R¹-R⁴ or R⁵-R⁸ may be linkedtogether to form one or more multiple ring structures or linked togetherwith T, Y¹ or Y² and/or Z. It is preferred generally that R¹ and/or R⁸are not hydrogen. In some embodiments, neither R¹ nor R⁸ are hydrogen.In general, z, Y¹, Y², T, and LG are as previously defined with respectto formula I. Highly desirably Y¹ and Y² are both oxygen or sulfur, mostpreferably sulfur.

In a preferred embodiment, R¹ and R⁸ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl andheterohydrocarbyl. Specific R¹ and R⁸ groups include: benzyl, phenyl,t-butyl, naphthyl, 2-biphenyl, 2-dimethylaminophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl,anthracenyl, mesityl, 2-pyridyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl,3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl, o-tolyl, phenanthrenyl, 2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl,2,4,6-tri(methyl)phenyl, 2,4,6-tri(isopropyl)phenyl, N-dibenzopyrrolyl,N-2,3,4,5-di(4-t-butylbenzo)pyrrolyl, 2-ethyl-4,5-benzofuran-3-yl,4,5-benzothiophen-3-yl, 1,2-oxazol-5-yl, and1-methyl-3a,7a-benzopyrrol-4-yl. Most preferably, R¹ and R⁸ are bothN-dibenzopyrrolyl. In some such embodiments, R³ and R⁶ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl andsubstituted aryl. Examples of suitable R³ and R⁶ groups include methyl,benzyl, phenyl, naphthyl, 2-biphenyl, 2-dimethylaminophenyl,2-methoxyphenyl, anthracenyl, mesityl, 2-pyridyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl,o-tolyl, phenanthrenyl, 2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl,2,4,6-tri(isopropyl)phenyl, and tert-butyl.

In a further preferred embodiment each T is methylene or substitutedmethylene, that is a moiety of the formula: CR²² _(2′)—, wherein eachR²² substituent is hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, or substitutedhydrocarbyl of up to 20 atoms.

The ligand sources defined in formulas I, II and III can be furtherdefined by specifying the group Z, such that Z is selected from thegroup consisting of optionally substituted hydrocarbylene and silanediylgroups. Preferably, Z corresponds to the formula: -(Q′R³⁰ ₂)_(m′)—,wherein,

Q′, independently each occurrence, is selected from the group consistingof carbon and silicon,

each R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl, said group having from 1 to 50atoms, and optionally two or more R³⁰ substituents on the same ordifferent Q′ atoms, may be joined into a ring or multiple ringstructure, and

m′ is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably from 1-5. Highly desirably atleast one R³⁰ substituent is not hydrogen.

Examples of suitable Z groups include: —(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₃—,—(CH₂)₄—, —(CH(CH₃))—, —(CH(CH₃))₂—, —(C(CH₃)₂)—, —(C(CH₃)₂)₂—,—(C(CH₃)₂)₃—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂—, CH₂CH(C₆H₅)CH₂—,—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)—, —Si(CH₃)₂—, —Si(C₆H₅)₂—, —CH(C₂H₅)CH₂CH(C₂H₅)—,CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃), —CH(C₆H₅)CH₂CH(C₆H₅)—,

The ligand sources employed in the invention are commercially availableor they may be prepared using known procedures, such as those described,for example, in March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York 1992(4^(th) Ed.), and in Katritzky et al., Comprehensive HeterocyclicChemistry, Elsevier, New York 1984 (1^(st) Ed.) and 1996 (2^(nd) Ed.).One general method is shown below in scheme 1:

As shown in scheme 1, the ligands may be prepared by displacement of agroup, LG, from an appropriate dinucleophile (LG-Y¹-Z-Y²-LG), whereinLG, AR, T, Y¹, Z, and Y² are as previously defined, Y is Y³ or Y⁴, andPG is hydrogen or a protecting group, which may later by replaced by aleaving group, LG, to form the ligand source of formula (I). Examples ofsuitable protecting groups are disclosed in: Protecting Groups inOrganic Synthesis, Wiley, New York 1999 (3rd Ed.). Preferably, LG isselected from the group consisting of halogen, mesitylate, tosylate,triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), and acetate. Additionally, PG ispreferably hydrogen, Li⁺, or a Grignard remnant. A preferred PG group isH or trimethylsilyl.

Another general ligand synthesis method is shown below in scheme 2wherein one Y′ group is already present in the electrophile:

In scheme 2, Y may be Y³ or Y⁴ and Y′ may be Y¹ or Y². Preferably allY¹-Y⁴ are oxygen or sulfur, and the remaining variables are the same asthose discussed previously with respect to Scheme 1. In a preferredembodiment, the synthesis of scheme 2 is an alkylation of Y′ with anappropriate divalent alkylating agent, G-Z-G, where -Z- is alkylene orarylene. Another suitable synthetic method for preparing the ligandsources for use herein involves the reaction of an o-quinone methide(o-QM), as shown in scheme 3:

In scheme 3, each R′ is R¹-R⁸, T is ═CR²² ₂ where R²² is a previouslydefined with respect to formula III, and LG, Y¹, Y², and Z are aspreviously defined. In a preferred embodiment T is CH₂, Y¹ and Y² areeach oxygen, Z is alkylene, and LG is H, Li⁺ or a Grignard remnant.Generation of quinine methide reagents is well known to the skilledartisan and described in such references as Tetrahedron, 2002, 58,5367-5405.

Specific examples of suitable ligand sources are compounds A1-A20disclosed with respect to the examples herein.

The metal complexes of the invention are prepared by combining thedesired ligand source with a metal compound (metal precursor) able toform the desired reaction product under appropriate reaction conditions.Generally the procedure involves use of an inert diluent, especially ahydrocarbon liquid, and inert reaction conditions, including nitrogen,helium or argon atmosphere, high vacuum, and the absence of Lewis basessuch as water. In some embodiments, the present invention encompassescompositions that include any of the above-mentioned ligand sources incombination with an appropriate metal precursor compound and an optionalactivator. The product resulting from combining the ligand source andmetal precursor compound need not be isolated prior to combination withan activator, if desired. For example, the ligand source may be added toa reaction vessel at the same time as the metal compound along with oneor more activators, scavengers, monomers, or other reaction components.Additionally, the ligand source can be modified prior to addition to orafter the addition of the metal precursor, for example through adeprotonation reaction or some other modification. Desirably however,the ligand source and metal precursor are reacted to form the desiredmetal complex which is isolated and optionally purified prior to furtheruse as a catalyst component.

Suitable metal precursor compounds can be characterized by the generalformula M(L)_(n′) (Ia) or a dimeric or higher order derivative thereof,where M is a Groups 3-6 or Lanthanide metal, L is as previously definedwith respect to formula I, and n′=n+2. Thus, in particular embodiments Mcan be selected from scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium,vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, lanthanum,cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium,terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.Preferably M is a Group 4 metal, most preferably Zr or Hf. Each Ldesirably is a ligand selected from the group consisting of hydride,halide, optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy, hydrocarbylthio, trihydrocarbylboryl,trihydrocarbylsilyl, dihydrocarbylimido, dihydrocarbylphosphido,trihydrocarbylamino, trihydrocarbylpliosphino, ether, thioether,carboxylate, 1,3-dionate, carbonate, nitrate, borate, sulphate, andcombinations thereof. Optionally, two or more L groups are joined into aring or multiple ring structure. One or more of the ligands L may beionically bonded to the metal M and, for example, L may be anon-coordinated or loosely coordinated or weakly coordinated anion.Suitable anionic ligands include those disclosed by Marks et al., Chem.Rev., 2000, 100, 1391-1434. Preferably, L each occurrence is halide orhydrocarbyl, more preferably chloride, or a C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, aryl or aralkylgroup.

Specific examples of suitable metal precursors include, but are notlimited to TiCl₄, Ti(CH₂Ph)₄, Ti(CH₂CMe₃)₄, Ti(CH₂SiMe₃)₄, Ti(CH₂Ph)₃Cl,Ti(CH₂CMe₃)₃Cl, Ti(CH₂SiMe₃)₃Cl, Ti(CH₂Ph)₂Cl₂, Ti(CH₂CMe₃)₂Cl₂,Ti(CH₂SiMe₃)₂Cl₂, Ti(NMe₂)₄, Ti(NEt₂)₄, Ti(O-^(i)Pr)₄, andTi(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂Cl₂; HfCl₄, Hf(CH₂Ph)₄, Hf(CH₂CMe₃)₄, Hf(CH₂SiMe₃)₄,Hf(CH₂Ph)₃Cl, Hf(CH₂CMe₃)₃Cl, Hf(CH₂SiMe₃)₃Cl, Hf(CH₂Ph)₂Cl₂,Hf(CH₂CMe₃)₂Cl₂, Hf(CH₂SiMe₃)₂Cl₂, Hf(NMe₂)₄, Hf(NEt₂)₄, andHf(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂Cl₂, Hf(N(SiMe₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂N(SiMe₃))Cl₂,Hf(N(Ph)CH₂CH₂CH₂N(Ph))Cl₂, ZrCl₄, Zr(CH₂Ph)₄, Zr(CH₂CMe₃)₄,Zr(CH₂SiMe₃)₄, Zr(CH₂Ph)₃Cl, Zr(CH₂CMe₃)₃Cl, Zr(CH₂SiMe₃)₃Cl,Zr(CH₂Ph)₂Cl₂, Zr(CH₂CMe₃)₂Cl₂, Zr(CH₂SiMe₃)₂Cl₂, Zr(NMe₂)₄, Zr(NEt₂)₄,Zr(NMe₂)₂Cl₂, Zr(NEt₂)₂Cl₂, Zr(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂Cl₂,Zr(N(SiMe₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂N(SiMe₃))Cl₂, and Zr(N(Ph)CH₂CH₂CH₂N(Ph))Cl₂. Lewisbase adducts of these examples are also suitable as metal precursors,for example, ether, amine, thioether, and phosphine adducts, may beemployed. Specific examples include HfCl₄(THF)₂, HfCl₄(SMe₂)₂ andHf(CH₂Ph)₂Cl₂(OEt₂). Ionic or zwitterionic metal precursor compounds,such as [M(CH₂Ph)₃ ⁺][B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻] or [M(CH₂Ph)₃ ⁺][PhCH₂B(C₆F₅)₃ ⁻]where M is Zr or Hf, may be employed as well. The formation of suchmetal precursor compounds has been disclosed in Pellecchia et al.,Organometallics, 1994, 13, 298-302; Pellecchia et al., J. Am. Chem.Soc., 1993, 115, 1160-1162; Pellecchia et al., Organometallics, 1993,13, 3773-3775 and Bochmann et al., Organometallics, 1993, 12, 633-640.The molar ratio of ligand source to metal precursor compound normallyemployed in preparation of the present metal complexes is typically inthe range of about 0.01:1 to about 100:1, more specifically in the rangeof about 0.1:1 to about 10:1 and even more specifically about 1:2.

Generally, the ligand source (optionally modified as previouslydiscussed) is mixed with a suitable metal precursor (and optionallyother components, such as activators, scavengers, diluents, supports,shuttling agents, chain transfer agents, or sequestrants) prior to orsimultaneously with any contact with monomers or other reagents involvedin any subsequent use of the metal complexes. When the ligand source ismixed with the metal precursor compound, a metal-ligand complex may beformed, which may itself be an active catalyst or may be transformedinto a catalyst upon contact with an activator. The complexation can becarried out using known methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,750,354 and other references. Recovery and optional purificationof the metal complex, such as by recrystallization, may be employed ifdesired and is preferred for use herein.

Preferred metal complexes according to the invention are those whereinthe ligand source is as defined with respect to formulas II or III,including all of the preferred embodiments of substituents previouslyidentified. Accordingly, suitable metal complexes are thosecharacterized by the following general formulas:

wherein Y¹, Y², Y³, Y⁴, Z, T, M, L, and n are as previously defined withrespect to formula I and Ia respectively, and AR is as previouslydefined with respect to formula III; and more preferably according tothe following general formula

wherein M, L and n are as previously defined with respect to formula Ia,including preferred and most preferred embodiments thereof, and R¹-R⁸are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,halogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy, substituted hydrocarbyloxy, silyl, siloxy, boryl,dihydrocarbylphosphino, substituted dihydrocarbylphosphino,dihydrocarbylamino, substituted dihydrocarbylamino, hydrocarbylthio,substituted hydrocarbylthio, combinations thereof, and multiple ringincluding fused ring derivatives of the foregoing, said substituenthaving up to 50 atoms in total. In addition, any two or more selectedfrom R¹-R⁴ or R⁵-R⁸ may be linked together to form one or more multiplering structures. It is preferred generally that R¹ and/or R⁸ are nothydrogen. In some embodiments, neither R¹ nor R⁸ are hydrogen. Ingeneral, z, Y¹, Y², and T are as previously defined with respect toformula I, and in particular the preferred embodiments thereof. Highlydesirably Y¹ and Y² are both oxygen or sulfur, most preferably sulfur.

For the avoidance of doubt, preferably with respect to the metalcomplexes, R¹ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl andheterohydrocarbyl. Specific R¹ and R⁸ groups include: benzyl, phenyl,t-butyl, naphthyl, 2-biphenyl, 2-dimethylyaminophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl,anthracenyl, mesityl, 2-pyridyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl,3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl, o-tolyl, phenanthrenyl, 2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl,2,4,6-tri(methyl)phenyl, 2,4,6-tri(isopropyl)phenyl, N-dibenzopyrrolyl,N-2,3,4,5-di(4-t-butylbenzo)pyrrolyl, 2-ethyl-4,5-benzofuran-3-yl,4,5-benzothiophen-3-yl, 1,2-oxazol-5-yl, andJ-methyl-3a,7a-benzopyrrol-4-yl. Most preferably, R¹ and R⁸ are bothN-dibenzopyrrolyl. In some such embodiments, R³ and R⁶ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl andsubstituted aryl. Examples of suitable R³ and R⁶ groups include: methyl,benzyl, phenyl, naphthyl, 2-biphenyl, 2-dimethylaminophenyl,2-methoxyphenyl, anthracenyl, mesityl, 2-pyridyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl,o-tolyl, phenanthrenyl, 2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl,2,4,6-tri(isopropyl)phenyl, and tert-butyl.

Also preferably, each T is methylene or substituted methylene, that is amoiety of the formula: —CR²² _(2′)—, wherein each R²² substituent ishydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, or substituted hydrocarbyl of up to 20atoms.

Additionally, Z is preferably selected from the group consisting ofoptionally substituted hydrocarbylene and silanediyl groups. Morepreferably, Z corresponds to the formula: -(Q′R³⁰ ₂)_(m′)—, wherein,

Q′, independently each occurrence, is selected from the group consistingof carbon and silicon,

each R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl, said group having from 1 to 50atoms, and optionally two or more R³⁰ substituents on the same ordifferent Q′ atoms, may be joined into a ring or multiple ringstructure, and

m′ is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably from 1-5. Highly desirably atleast one R³⁰ substituent is not hydrogen.

Examples of suitable Z groups in the complexes are: —(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)₂—,—(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH(CH₃))—, —CH(CH₃))₂, —(C(CH₃)₂)—, —(C(CH₃)₂)₂—,—(C(CH₃)₂)₃—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂—, CH₂CH(C₆H₅)CH₂—,—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)—, —Si(CH₃)₂—, —Si(C₆H₅)₂—, —CH(C₂H₅)CH₂CH(C₂H₅)—,CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—, —CH(C₆H₅)CH₂CH(C₆H₅)—,

Highly preferred metal complexes are those of formula IV or V whereinY¹, Y², Y³ and Y⁴ are each sulfur, wherein the dashed bonds between Y¹and Y² and M are optional dative bonds; Z is a group having from 2 to 50atoms, not counting hydrogen atoms; each AR is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl and heteroaryl;each T is group of the general formula:

—(CR²⁰ _(2-x″))_(x′)—, wherein each R²⁰ substituent is independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionallysubstituted hydrocarbyl and heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl, x′ is 1or 2; and x″ is 0 or 1; and wherein two or more R²⁰ substituents areoptionally joined into a ring structure having from 3 to 50 atoms in thering structure not counting hydrogen atoms, provided that when two ormore R²⁰ substituents are joined into a ring structure, said ringstructure is not an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl; M is ametal selected from the group consisting of groups 3-6 and lanthanidesof the periodic table of elements; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and each Lis a ligand independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, allyl,diene, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,alkoxy, aryloxy, boryl, silyl, amino, phosphino, ether, thioether,phosphine, amine, carboxylate, alkylthio, arylthio, 1,3-dionate,oxalate, carbonate, nitrate, sulphate, and combinations thereof.

In as much as the dashed arrows in formulas I, IV and V are optionalbonds, it is to be understood by the skilled artisan that in someembodiments, these formulas can be written without either or botharrows. Proof of the different electronic interactions and/or isomers ina given metal complex may be obtained by proton NMR, ¹³C NMR, X-raydiffraction (for example, single crystal XRD), variable temperaturespectroscopy, and combinations of such analytical techniques. Catalystcompositions according to the invention comprise one or more of theforegoing metal complexes (or the reaction product formed by combinationof one or more ligand sources with one or more metal precursorcompounds) along with one or more optional activators, and one or moreadditional optional components including scavengers, modifiers, chaintransfer agents, supports, or diluents.

Suitable supports include silicas, aluminas, clays, zeolites, magnesiumchloride, polymers, and organic particulated materials. Polymericsupports may be cross-linked or not. Suitable support materials includethose disclosed in Hlatky, Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 1347-1376 and Fink etal., Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 1377-1390, and other sources. The metalcomplex or a composition comprising the same may be contacted with anactivator (described below) before or after contact with the support;alternatively, the support may be contacted with the activator prior tocontact with the metal complex or composition. In addition, thecatalysts or metal complexes of this invention may be combined withother catalysts or metal complexes in a single reactor or in more thanone reactor (parallel or serial) in order to form blends of polymerproducts.

The metal complexes and compositions typically are activated for use aspolymerization catalysts by combination with a suitable activator ormixture of activators, although some of the ligand-metal complexes maybe catalytically active (especially for oligomerization reactions)without use of an activator or activating technique. Broadly, theactivator(s) may comprise alumoxanes, Lewis acids, Bronsted acids,compatible non-interfering activators, and combinations of theforegoing. These types of activators have been taught for use withdifferent compositions or metal complexes in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,599,761,5,616,664, 5,453,410, 5,153,157, 5,064,802, EP-A-277,004, Marks et al.,Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 1391-1434, and elsewhere. In some embodiments,ionic or ion forming activators are preferred. In other embodiments,alumoxane activators are preferred.

Suitable activators may be represented by the following general formula:

(L*-H)_(d) ⁺(A^(d−))

wherein L* is a neutral Lewis base; (L*-H)⁺ is a Bronsted acid; A^(d−)is a non-interfering, compatible anion having a charge of d-, and d isan integer from 1 to 3. More specifically A^(d−) corresponds to theformula: (M³⁺Q_(h))^(d−) wherein h is an integer from 4 to 6; h−3=d; M′is an element selected from group 13 of the periodic table; and Q isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,dialkylamido, halogen, alkoxy, aryloxy, hydrocarbyl, andsubstituted-hydrocarbyl radicals (including halogen substitutedhydrocarbyl, such as perhalogenated hydrocarbyl radicals), said Q havingup to 20 carbons. In a more specific embodiment, d is one, i.e., thecounter ion has a single negative charge and corresponds to the formulaA⁻.

Activators comprising boron or aluminum can be represented by thefollowing general formula: (L*-H)⁺(M″Q₄)⁻, wherein:

L* is as previously defined; M″ is boron or aluminum; and Q is afluorinated C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl group. Most specifically, Q isindependently selected from the group consisting of fluorinated arylgroup, such as a pentafluorophenyl group (i.e., a C₆F₅ group) or a3,5-bis(CF₃)₂C₆H₃ group. Illustrative, but not limiting, examples ofboron compounds which may be used as an activating cocatalyst in thepreparation of the improved catalysts of this invention aretri-substituted ammonium salts such as: trimethylammoniumtetraphenylborate, triethylammonium tetraphenylborate, tripropylammoniumtetraphenylborate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate,tri(t-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate, N,N-dimethylaniliniumtetraphenylborate, N,N-diethylanilinium tetraphenylborate,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetra-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium) tetraphenylborate,trimethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, triethylammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tripropylammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, tri(secbutyl)ammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, N,N-dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, N,N-diethylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate,N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trimethylammonium tetrakis-2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenylborate andN,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl) borate;dialkyl ammonium salts such as: di-(i-propyl)ammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, and dicyclohexylammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate; and tri-substituted phosphoniumsalts such as: triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate,tri(o-tolyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, andtri(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate;N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-borate;HNMe(C₁₈H₃₇)₂ ⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻; HNPh(C₁₈H₃₇)₂ ⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻:((4-nBu-Ph)NH(n-hexyl)₂)⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻ and((4-nBu-Ph)NH(n-decyl)₂)⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻. Specific (L*-H)⁺ cations areN,N-dialkylanilinium cations, such as HNMe₂Ph⁺, substitutedN,N-dialkylanilinium cations, such as (4-nBu-C₆H₄)NH(n-C₆H₁₃)₂ ⁺;(4-nBu-C₆H₄)NH(n-C₁₀H₂₁)₂ ⁺ and HNMe(C₁₈H₃₇)₂ ⁺. Specific examples ofanions are tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate andtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. In some embodiments, the specificactivator is PhNMe₂H⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻, HNMe(C₁₄₋₁₈H₂₉₋₃₇)₂ ⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻,HNMe₂(C₁₄₋₁₈H₂₉₋₃₇)⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻, or mixtures thereof.

Activators may comprise a salt of a cationic oxidizing agent and anon-interfering, compatible anion represented by the formula:(Ox^(e+))_(d)(A^(d−))_(e), wherein:

OX^(e+) is a cationic oxidizing agent having a charge of e+; e is aninteger from 1 to 3; and A^(d−) and d are as previously defined.Examples of cationic oxidizing agents include: ferrocenium,hydrocarbyl-substituted ferrocenium, Ag⁺, or Pb⁺². Specific embodimentsof A^(d−) are those anions previously defined with respect to theBronsted acid containing activating cocatalysts, especiallytetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.

Another activator comprises a compound that is a salt of a carbenium ionor silyl cation and a non-interfering, compatible anion represented bythe formula: ©⁺A⁻, wherein: ©⁺ is a C₁₋₁₀₀ carbenium ion or silylcation; and A⁻ is as previously defined. A preferred carbenium ion isthe trityl cation, i.e. triphenylcarbenium. The silyl cation may becharacterized by the formula Z⁴Z⁵Z⁶Si⁺ cation, where each of Z⁴, Z⁵, andZ⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,halogen, and optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyl,aryloxyl, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio,and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a specified activator isPh₃C⁺B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻.

Activator may also comprise a compound that is a salt, which isrepresented by the formula (A*^(+a))_(b)(Z*J*_(j))^(−c) _(d) wherein A*is a cation of charge +a; Z* is an anion group of from 1 to 50,specifically 1 to 30 atoms, not counting hydrogen atoms, furthercontaining two or more Lewis base sites; J* independently eachoccurrence is a Lewis acid coordinated to at least one Lewis base siteof Z*, and optionally two or more such J* groups may be joined togetherin a moiety having multiple Lewis acidic functionality; j is a numberform 2 to 12; and a, b, c, and d are integers from 1 to 3, with theproviso that a×b is equal to c×d. The foregoing compounds are disclosedin WO 99/42467. In other embodiments, the anion portion of theseactivators may be characterized by the formula ((C₆F₅)₃M″″-LN-M″″(C₆F₅)₃)⁻ where M″″ is boron or aluminum and LN is a linking group,which is specifically selected from the group consisting of cyanide,azide, dicyanamide and imidazolide. The cation portion is specifically aquaternary amine. See, e.g., LaPointe, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000,122, 9560-9561.

Activators may include Lewis acids, such as those selected from thegroup consisting of tri s(aryl)boranes, tris(substituted aryl)boranes,tris(aryl)alanes, tris(substituted aryl)alanes, including activatorssuch as tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. Other useful ion forming Lewisacids include those having two or more Lewis acidic sites, such as thosedescribed in WO 99/06413 or Piers, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121,3244-3245. Other useful Lewis acids will be evident to those of skill inthe art. In general, the group of Lewis acid activators is within thegroup of ion forming activators (although exceptions to this generalrule can be found) and the group tends to exclude the group 13 reagentslisted below. Combinations of ion forming activators may be used.

Other general activators or compounds useful in a polymerizationreaction may be used. These compounds may be activators in somecontexts, but may also serve other functions in the polymerizationsystem, such as alkylating a metal center or scavenging impurities.These compounds are within the general definition of “activator,” butare not considered herein to be ion-forming activators. These compoundsinclude a group 13 reagent that may be characterized by the formulaG¹³R⁵⁰ _(3-p)D_(p) where G¹³ is selected from the group consisting of B,Al, Ga, In and combinations thereof, p is 0, 1 or 2, each R⁵⁰ isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,and optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl,heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinationsthereof, and each D is independently selected from the group consistingof halogen, hydrogen, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, mercapto, alkylthio,arylthio, phosphino and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, thegroup 13 activator is an oligomeric or polymeric alumoxane compound,such as methylalumoxane and the known modifications thereof. Preferredexamples include MMAO, MMAO-3A, MMAO-7 and PMAO-IP (all available fromAkzo Nobel). Other examples are disclosed in, Barron, “Alkylalumoxanes,Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity”, pp. 33-67 in Metallocene-BasedPolyolefins: Preparation, Properties and Technology, J. Schiers and W.Kaminsky (eds.), Wiley Series in Polymer Science, John Wiley & SonsLtd., Chichester, England, 2000, and references cited therein. In otherembodiments, a divalent metal reagent may be used that is defined by thegeneral formula M′R⁵⁰ _(2-p′)D_(p′) and p′ is 0 or 1 in this embodimentand R⁵⁰ and D are as defined above. M′ is the metal and is selected fromthe group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd and combinations thereof.In still other embodiments, an alkali metal reagent may be used that isdefined by the general formula M^(iv)R⁵⁰ and in this embodiment R⁵⁰ isas defined above. M^(iv) is the alkali metal and is selected from thegroup consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and combinations thereof.Additionally, hydrogen and/or silanes may be used in the catalyticcomposition or added to the polymerization system. Silanes may becharacterized by the formula SiR⁵⁰ _(4-q)D_(q) where R⁵⁰ is defined asabove, q is 1,2, 3 or 4 and D is as defined above, with the proviso thatthere is at least one D that is hydrogen.

A class of cocatalysts comprising non-coordinating anions genericallyreferred to as expanded anions, further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,395,671, may be suitably employed to activate the metal complexes ofthe present invention for olefin polymerization. Generally, thesecocatalysts (illustrated by those having imidazolide, substitutedimidazolide, imidazolinide, substituted imidazolinide, benzimidazolide,or substituted benzimidazolide anions) may be depicted as follows:

wherein:

A*⁺ is a cation, especially a proton containing cation, and preferablyis a trihydrocarbyl ammonium cation containing one or two C₁₀₋₄₀ alkylgroups, especially a methyldi(C₁₄₋₂₀ alkyl)ammonium cation,

Q³ independently each occurrence, is hydrogen or a halo, hydrocarbyl,halocarbyl, halohydrocarbyl, silylhydrocarbyl, or silyl, (includingmono-, di- and tri(hydro-carbyl)silyl) group of up to 30 atoms notcounting hydrogen, preferably C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, and

Q² is tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane or tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane).

Examples of these catalyst activators includetrihydrocarbylammonium-salts, especially, methyldi(C14-20alkyl)ammonium-salts of:

bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)imidazolide, bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-undecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-heptadecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-undecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-heptadecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-5,6-bis(undecyl)benzimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-undecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-heptadecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-undecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-heptadecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tri s(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolide, andbis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-5,6-bis(undecyl)benzimidazolide.

Other activators include those described in PCT publication WO 98/07515such as tris(2,2′,2″-nonafluorobiphenyl)fluoroaluminate. Combinations ofactivators are also contemplated by the invention, for example,alumoxanes and ionizing activators in combinations, see for example,EP-A-0 573120, PCT publications WO 94/07928 and WO 95/14044 and U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,153,157 and 5,453,410. WO 98/09996 describes activatingcatalyst compounds with perchlorates, periodates and iodates, includingtheir hydrates. WO 99/18135 describes the use of organoboroaluminumactivators. WO 03/10171 discloses catalyst activators that are adductsof Bronsted acids with Lewis acids. Other activators or methods foractivating a catalyst compound are described in for example, U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,849,852, 5,859,653, 5,869,723, EP-A-61 5981, and PCT publicationWO 98/32775. All of the foregoing catalyst activators as well as anyother know activator for transition metal complex catalysts may beemployed alone or in combination according to the present invention.

The molar ratio of metal:activator (whether a composition or complex isemployed as a catalyst) employed specifically ranges from 1:10,000 to100:1, more specifically from 1:5000 to 10:1, most specifically from1:10 to 1:1. In one embodiment of the invention mixtures of the abovecompounds are used, particularly a combination of a group 13 reagent(scavenger) and an ion-forming activator. The molar ratio of group 13reagent to ion-forming activator is specifically from 1:10,000 to1000:1, more specifically from 1:5000 to 100:1, most specifically from1:100 to 100:1. In another embodiment, the ion forming activators arecombined with a group 13 reagent. Another embodiment is a combination ofthe above compounds having about 1 equivalent of an optionallysubstituted N,N-dialkylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, and5-30 equivalents of a group 13 reagent. In some embodiments from about30 to 2000 equivalents of an oligomeric or polymeric alumoxaneactivator, such as a modified alumoxane, for example,triisobutylaluminum modified methalumoxane, can be used.

The ligand sources, metal complexes and/or catalyst compositions of theinvention can be used to catalyze a variety of transformations,including, for example, oxidation, reduction, hydrogenation,hydrosilylation, hydrocyanation, hydroformylation, polymerization,trimerization, oligomerization, carbonylation, isomerization,metathesis, carbon-hydrogen activation, carbon-halogen activation,cross-coupling, Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation, hydration,Diels-Alder reactions, Baeyer-Villiger reactions, and othertransformations. Some compositions, complexes and/or catalysts accordingto the invention are particularly effective at polymerizing additionpolymerizable monomers, especially ethylenically unsaturated monomershaving up to 20 atoms not counting hydrogen, such as α-olefins(particularly ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene,1-heptene, 1-octene, styrene, mixtures thereof and mixtures of one ormore of the preceding with a conjugated or nonconjugated diene monomer,especially butadiene or isoprene. Additional suitable monomers for usein homopolymerizations or copolymerizations include those having polarfunctionalities such as vinyl chloride, acrylic acid, methylmethacrylate, acrylonitrile, and ethyl acrylate as well as cyclicolefins or diolefins, 1,1-disubstituted olefins, and/or acetylenicallyunsaturated monomers.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provide a method forproducing polymers comprising in polymerized form one or more vinylidenearomatic monomers having selected properties in a coordinationpolymerization reaction, wherein one or more vinylidene aromaticmonomers, especially styrene or a substituted styrene, are reactedeither alone or with one or more other addition polymerizable monomersin the presence of a catalyst in a solution process. The catalysts usedin this process are those discussed herein. The polymerizationpreferably occurs in a solution reactor at a reaction temperaturegreater than or equal to 100° C., more specifically greater than orequal to 110° C., even more specifically greater than or equal to 120°C., and still even more specifically greater than or equal to 130° C.

In accord with the knowledge of those of skill in the art, for purposesof this application, it will be understood that a coordinationpolymerization reaction will have occurred if one or more of thefollowing tests are satisfied. The first test is whether the vinylidenearomatic polymer product shows isotacticity as determined by triadanalysis using ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Another test is whether aninterpolymer of an aliphatic α-olefin, especially ethylene, and one ormore vinylidene aromatic monomers is formed having a measurable amountof said aliphatic α-olefin in the polymer. A final test indicating thatcoordination polymerization has occurred is if variations in catalyststructure can substantially vary the composition or moleculararchitecture of the resulting product. If one or more of these tests ismet, it will be understood that a coordination polymerization reactionhas occurred, despite the fact that products formed by otherpolymerization mechanisms (such as free radical, anionic or cationicmechanisms) may also form at the same time.

The polymer product is either a homopolymer or interpolymer including ameasurable quantity of polymerized vinylidene aromatic monomer.Preferred polymers comprise at least 50 mole percent, more preferably atleast 55 mole percent, even more preferably at least 60 mole percentpolymerized vinylidene aromatic monomer. A particularly preferredproduct is a homopolymer of styrene.

Tacticity is determined using methods known to those of skill in theart, including measurement of the crystalline melting point or percentcrystallinity, as well as triad content measurement. Generally, triadmeasurement is performed using ¹³C NMR, as described in NMR andMacromolecules, Randall Ed., Harwood et al., (1983). According to thistechnique, the integrated areas of mm triads representing an isotacticsequence in the spectrum, rr triads representing a syndiotacticsequence, and mr triads representing an atactic sequence are measured.The quantity of mm triads, represented as a percent of total mm, mr andrr triads indicates the isotacticity of the polymer while the quantityof rr triads, represented as a percent of total mm, mr and rr triadsindicates the syndiotacticity of the polymer.

For ethylene copolymers the mr peak area is corrected by subtracting theintegrated peak area for polymer formed from ethylene sequences. Forcopolymers with other monomers that produce peaks in the regions of themm, mw, or rr triads, the integrals are similarly corrected bysubtracting the intensity due to the interfering peak, or by otherstandard technique known in the art. For this purpose, these peaks maybe identified by analysis of a series of interpolymers having variouslevels of comonomer incorporation, by literature assignments, byisotopic labeling, or by other means which are known in the art.

Stereo-errors and regio errors are similarly calculated by measuring theintegrated area of a representative peak in the ¹³C NMR spectrum, or byaveraging the areas of several peaks attributable to the presence of theerror, optionally after correction due to overlapping peaks.

Preferred vinylidene aromatic polymer products in one embodiment of thisinvention possess a syndiotacticity (percent rr) less than 20 percent,preferably less than 10 percent, more preferably less than 5 percent. Insome embodiments, isotacticity will be as high as 50 percent, morespecifically as high as 80 percent, even more specifically as high as 90percent, and even up to 100 percent. Generally, mr content (corrected ifnecessary due to comonomer content) fills the balance to 100 percent,and in some embodiments will be less than 50 percent, less than 25percent and/or less than 10 percent. In certain polymers herein, theisotactic content (percent mm) is between 20 and 100; the percentsyndiotactic content (percent rr) is between 0 and 30 and is less thanthe isotactic content; and the mr content is the balance to total 100percent. In other embodiments, the isotactic content is between 20 and80 percent; the syndiotactic content is between 0 and 30 percent and isless than the isotactic content; and the mr content constitutes thebalance. In another specific embodiment, the isotacticity is less thanor equal to 25 percent, the syndiotacticity is less than theisotacticity, and the percent mr is equal to the balance. In anotherspecific embodiment, the isotacticity is at least 10 percent, thesyndiotacticity is 0, and the percent mr makes up the remainder up to100 percent. As is known to the skilled artisan, the foregoingmeasurements of tacticity generally have an accuracy of plus or minus 5percent.

The tacticity, stereo-error content and/or regio-error content of theresulting polymers can be altered by varying the ligand sources and/ormetal complexes employed in this invention and also by varying theprocess conditions. In some embodiments, R¹ and R⁸ are varied and insome embodiments, Z is varied. Generally, R¹ and R⁸ are optionallysubstituted aryl, more specifically optionally substituted phenyl orN-dibenzopyrrolyl. In connection with varying the process conditions, ithas been observed that a change in the reaction temperature of about 20°C. can change the stereo-error content, with a lower reactiontemperature providing a polymer having less stereo-errors, and a higherreaction temperature providing a polymer having a greater stereo-errorcontent.

Additionally, the selected properties can include a melting point, orlack of any appreciable melting point. Melting points are determined bydifferential scanning calormetry, using methods known to those of skillin the art. Also, the selected properties can include a certaincrystallinity, or lack of any appreciable crystallinity. Crystallinityis determined using X-ray diffraction methods known to those of skill inthe art. Melting points and/or crystallinity measurements can be used todetermine if the polymer product is amorphous. In some aspects, thetacticity is used in combination with the melting point and/orcrystallinity to define the selected properties of the polymers of thisinvention. One desirable product is essentially amorphous, due to thepresence of stereo-errors. Such polymers may lack a crystalline meltingpoint in the DSC curve and/or evidence little or no crystallinity in theX-ray diffraction pattern, despite possessing a significant mm triadcontent of from 5 to 100 percent, and preferably little or nosyndiotacticity, more preferably less than 5 percent syndiotacticity. Inone embodiment of the present invention, a polystyrene homopolymer isproduced having:

-   -   1. an isotactic structure (percent mm triads) between 35 and 95        percent, desirably, between 40 and 93 percent, more desirably        between 40 and 90 percent, or most desirably between 40 and 85        percent;    -   2. a crystallinity as measured by DSC of 26 percent or less,        preferably 13 percent or less, more preferably 5 percent or        less;

3. a Mw/Mn in the range of 1.0-3.5, preferably 1.8-2.7, and mostpreferably 1.8-2.5; and

-   -   4. a Mw between 100,000 and 1,000,000, more preferably between        150,000 and 500,000, and most preferably between 250,000 and        500,000;        where DSC samples are scanned from room temperature to 250° C.        with a heating rate of 1 deg/minute (first scan), then cooled        from 250° C. to 30° C. at 1 deg/min (2nd scan) using air, and        finally heated again to 250° C. at 1 deg/minute (3rd scan).        Crystallization, if present, is determined by the existence of        an endotherm in the heating scans or an exotherm in the cooling        scan. The endothermic peaks in the temperature range of        150-250° C. are integrated using the software package supplied        by the manufacturer to give the heat of fusion (ΔHf) in the        units of J/g. Crystallinity is then calculated as: Percent        Crystallinity=(ΔHf/96)×100.

Desirable products according to the invention have a molecular weightfrom 100,000 to 1,000,000, and more specifically from 100,000 to400,000. Other properties may include low specific gravity, hightransparency and brilliance, high melt flow, and rapid crystal formationor no crystal formation.

Impact-modified vinylidene aromatic polymers may be prepared in oneembodiment of the invention by copolymerization of a rubber formingmonomer, such as a diene, in combination with one or more vinylidenearomatic monomers and optionally an aliphatic olefin. The polymerizationmay be performed in multiple reactors wherein in a first reactor acopolymer of the rubber forming monomer and one or more vinylidenearomatic monomers is prepared which product in the form of a slurry,solution or fluidized particles is then charged to a subsequent reactoroperating in the substantial absence of a rubber forming monomer toprepare the desired polymer as a matrix of vinylidene aromatic polymercontaining occlusions of the rubbery polymer. Highly desirably acopolymer of styrene and butadiene may be prepared and subsequentlycharged to a polymerization reactor for further polymerization ofstyrene or a mixture of styrene and ethylene or styrene andacrylonitrile.

Generally, polymerization is carried out under coordinationpolymerization conditions, including temperatures of from −100° C. to300° C., preferably 30 to 200° C. and pressures from atmospheric to 1000psi (7 MPa). Suspension, solution, slurry, powder bed, gas phase orhigh-pressure polymerization processes may be employed with thecatalysts and compounds of this invention. Such processes can be run ina batch, semi-batch or continuous mode. Examples of such processes arewell known in the art. A support, especially silica, alumina, or apolymer (especially polytetrafluoroethylene or a polyolefin) may beincluded in the catalyst composition as previously disclosed, anddesirably is employed when the catalysts are used in a gas phase orslurry polymerization process. Preferably, the support is passivatedbefore the addition of the catalyst. Passivation techniques are known inthe art, and include treatment of the support with an organometalliccompound such as organoaluminum compounds, especially trialkylaluminumcompounds such as triethylaluminum. The support is preferably employedin an amount to provide a weight ratio of catalyst (based onmetal):support from about 1:100,000 to about 1:10, more preferably fromabout 1:50,000 to about 1:20, and most preferably from about 1:10,000 toabout 1:30. In most polymerization reactions, the molar ratio ofcatalyst:polymerizable compounds employed preferably is from about10⁻¹²:1 to about 10⁻¹:1, more preferably from about 10⁻⁹:1 to about10⁻⁵:1.

Other additives that are useful in a polymerization reaction may beemployed, such as scavengers, promoters, modifiers, shuttling and/orchain transfer agents, such as hydrogen, aluminum alkyls and/or silanes.The use of shuttling agents to prepare polymers having pseudo-blockarchitecture or a mixture of properties has been previously disclosed inPCT application US/0508917, filed Mar. 17, 2005.

The molar ratio of catalyst/cocatalyst employed preferably ranges from1:10,000 to 100:1, more preferably from 1:5000 to 10:1, most preferablyfrom 1:1000 to 1:1. Alumoxane, when used by itself as an activatingcocatalyst, is generally employed in large quantity, generally at least100 times the quantity of metal complex on a molar basis.Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum, whereused as activating cocatalysts are preferably employed in a molar ratioto the metal complex of from 0.5:1 to 10:1, more preferably from 1:1 to6:1 most preferably from 1:1 to 5:1. The remaining activatingcocatalysts are generally employed in approximately equimolar quantitywith the metal complex.

Suitable solvents for solution polymerization are inert liquids.Examples include, but are not limited to, straight and branched-chainhydrocarbons such as isobutane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane,octane, and mixtures thereof; mixed aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents suchas kerosene and ISOPAR™ (aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents available fromExxonMobil Chemicals, Inc.), cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons such ascyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, andmixtures thereof; perfluorinated hydrocarbons such as perfluorinatedC₄₋₁₀ alkanes, and the like, and aromatic and alkyl-substituted aromaticcompounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and the like.Mixtures of the foregoing are also suitable.

The catalysts may be utilized in combination with at least oneadditional homogeneous or heterogeneous polymerization catalyst inseparate reactors connected in series or in parallel to prepare polymerblends having desirable properties. Examples of such a process aredisclosed in WO 94/00500, WO 94/17112 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,045.

The catalyst system may be prepared as a homogeneous catalyst byaddition of the requisite components to a solvent in whichpolymerization will be carried out by solution polymerizationprocedures. The catalyst system may also be prepared and employed as aheterogeneous catalyst by adsorbing the requisite components on acatalyst support material such as silica gel, alumina or other suitableinorganic support material. When prepared in heterogeneous or supportedform, it is preferred to use silica as the support material. Theheterogeneous form of the catalyst system may be employed in a slurrypolymerization. As a practical limitation, slurry polymerization takesplace in liquid diluents in which the polymer product is substantiallyinsoluble. Preferably, the diluent for slurry polymerization is one ormore hydrocarbons with less than 5 carbon atoms. If desired, saturatedhydrocarbons such as ethane, propane or butane may be used in whole orpart as the diluent. Likewise the vinylidene aromatic monomer or amixture of different vinylidene aromatic monomers may be used in wholeor part as the diluent. Most preferably, the major part of the diluentcomprises at least the vinylidene aromatic monomer or monomers to bepolymerized.

At all times, the individual ingredients, as well as the resultingcatalyst components, should be protected from oxygen and moisture.Therefore, the catalyst components and catalysts should be prepared andrecovered in an oxygen and moisture free atmosphere. Preferably,therefore, the reactions are performed in the presence of a dry, inertgas such as, for example, nitrogen or argon.

The polymerization may be carried out as a batch or a continuouspolymerization process. A continuous process is preferred, in whichevent catalysts, solvent or diluent (if employed), and comonomers (ormonomer) are continuously supplied to the reaction zone and polymerproduct continuously removed therefrom. The polymerization conditionsfor manufacturing the polymers are generally those useful in thesolution polymerization process, although the invention is not limitedthereto.

In some embodiments, the polymerization is conducted in a continuoussolution polymerization system comprising two reactors connected inseries or parallel. One or both reactors contain at least two catalystswhich have a substantially similar comonomer incorporation capabilitybut different molecular weight capability. In one reactor, a relativelyhigh molecular weight product (M_(w) from 100,000 to over 1,000,000,more preferably 200,000 to 500,000) is formed while in the secondreactor a product of a relatively lower molecular weight (M_(w) 2,000 to300,000) is formed. The final product is a mixture of the two reactoreffluents which are combined prior to devolatilization to result in auniform mixing of the two polymer products. Such a dual reactor/dualcatalyst process allows for the preparation of products with tailoredproperties. In one embodiment, the reactors are connected in series,that is the effluent from the first reactor is charged to the secondreactor and fresh monomer, solvent and hydrogen or other molecularweight regulator (if desired) is added to the second reactor. Reactorconditions are adjusted such that the weight ratio of polymer producedin the first reactor to that produced in the second reactor is from20:80 to 80:20. In addition, the temperature of the second reactor iscontrolled to produce the lower molecular weight product.

In one embodiment of the invention, a process for producing a styrenehomopolymer or copolymer comprises one or more of the followingsteps: 1) providing controlled addition of a catalyst suited forpreparing low molecular weight polymer (low molecular weight catalyst)to a reactor, optionally including a cocatalyst and a scavengercomponent; 2) providing controlled addition of a catalyst suited forpreparing a high molecular weight polymer (high molecular weightcatalyst) to the same reactor, optionally including a cocatalyst and ascavenger component; 3) continuously feeding styrene, optionallycontaining one or more comonomers into the reactor, optionally with asolvent or diluent, and optionally with a controlled amount of amolecular weight regulator, preferably hydrogen; 4) continuously feedingthe low molecular weight catalyst into the reactor at a fixed rate; 5)continuously feeding the high molecular weight catalyst into the samereactor at a rate sufficient to produce the desired M_(w) of the polymerproduct wherein the ratio of the molecular weight of the polymerproduced by the high molecular weight catalyst to the molecular weightof the polymer produced by the low molecular weight catalyst(M_(wH)/M_(wL)) is in the range from about 1.5 to about 15; and 6)recovering the polymer product. Preferably, the process is a continuoussolution process. The optional cocatalysts and scavenger components inthe novel process can be independently mixed with each catalystcomponent before the catalyst components are introduced into thereactor, or they may each independently be fed into the reactor usingseparate streams, resulting in “in reactor” activation. Scavengercomponents are compounds that are capable of reaction with polarcontaminants in the reactants of solvents. Suitable examples are knownin the alt and include, but are not limited to, alkyl aluminumcompounds, including alumoxanes. Preferred scavengers includetrimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum,trioctylaluminum, and alumoxanes.

For the novel processes described herein, the polymer properties can beadjusted by control of process conditions. For a solution polymerizationprocess, especially a continuous solution polymerization, preferredranges of monomer concentration at steady state are from 0.25 to 20percent of the total reactor contents, and the preferred range ofpolymer concentration is from 10 to 45 percent of the reactor contents.

In general, catalyst efficiency (expressed in terms of gram of polymerproduced per gram of transition metal) decreases with increasingtemperature and decreasing ethylene concentration. In addition, themolecular weight of the polymer product generally decreases withincreasing reactor temperature. The molecular weight of the polymer canalso be controlled with the addition of chain transfer compounds,especially through the addition of hydrogen.

The ligands, metal-ligand complexes and compositions of this inventioncan be prepared and tested for catalytic activity in one or more of theabove reactions in a combinatorial fashion. Combinatorial chemistrygenerally involves the parallel or rapid serial synthesis and/orscreening or characterization of compounds and compositions of matter.U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,985,356, 6,030,917 and WO 98/03521, generally disclosecombinatorial methods suitable for use herein. In this regard, theligand sources, metal precursor compounds, metal complexes and/orcompositions according to the invention may be prepared and/or tested inrapid serial and/or parallel fashion, for example, in an array format.When prepared in an array format, ligand sources, metal complexes orcompositions may take the form of an array comprising a plurality ofcompounds wherein each compound can be characterized by any of the abovegeneral formulas I, II, III, IV or V). An array of ligand sources may besynthesized using the procedures outlined previously. The array may alsobe of metal precursor compounds, the metal-ligand complexes orcompositions characterized by the previously described formulae and/ordescriptions. Typically, each member of the array will have at least onedifference so that each member of the array may be distinguished fromthe other members of the array. Alternatively, one or more processvariables may differ from region to region in the array.

In such a combinatorial array, typically each of the plurality ofcompositions or complexes has a different composition or stoichiometry,and typically each composition or complex is at a selected region on asubstrate such that each compound is isolated from the effect of allother compositions or complexes. This isolation can take many forms,typically depending on the substrate used. If a flat substrate is used,there may simply be sufficient space between regions so that thecompositions or complexes cannot interact. As another example, thesubstrate can be a microtiter or similar plate having wells so that eachcomposition or complex is in a region separated from other compounds inother regions by a physical barrier. The array may also comprise aparallel reactor or testing chamber.

The array typically comprises at least 8 compounds, complexes orcompositions each having a different chemical formula, meaning thatthere must be at least one different atom or bond differentiating themembers in the array or different ratios of the components forming thearray member. In other embodiments, there are at least 20 compounds,complexes or compositions on or in the substrate each having a differentchemical formula or composition. In still other embodiments, there areat least 40 or 90 or 124 compounds, complexes or compositions on or inthe substrate each having a different chemical formula or composition.Because of the manner of forming combinatorial arrays, it may be thateach compound, complex or composition may not be worked-up, purified orisolated, and for example, may contain reaction by-products orimpurities or unreacted starting materials.

The catalytic performance of the compounds, complexes or compositions ofthis invention can be tested in a combinatorial or high throughputfashion. In particular, polymerizations can also be performed using thetechnique disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,306,658 and 6,508,984 or in WO01/98371. As used herein, “catalytic performance” may be measured by theyield of polymer obtained, by the efficiency of polymer production, bytacticity, stereo-error and/or regio-error content of the polymer, bythe crystallinity or lack thereof, by the molecular weight of molecularweight distribution (Mw/Mn) of the polymer, by the comonomer content ofthe resulting polymer, or by the elasticity or any other desiredproperty of factor of the resulting polymer.

Desirably, the ligand sources, metal complexes and/or catalystcompositions of the invention meet one or more desirable criteria forcoordination polymerization of vinylidene aromatic monomers (alone orwith other monomers), especially styrene or mixtures of styrene andethylene. Highly desirably, the coordination polymerization ofvinylidene aromatic monomers using the ligand sources, metal complexesand/or catalyst compositions of this invention is a solutionpolymerization operating at temperatures from 60 to 250° C., preferably100 to 170° C.

The following specific embodiments of the invention and combinationsthereof are especially desirable and hereby delineated in order toprovide detailed disclosure for the appended claims.

1. A metal complex characterized by the formula:

Y¹, Y², Y³ and Y⁴ is each independently selected from the groupconsisting of oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur, and optional donor bondsbetween Y¹ and M and between Y² and M are indicated by dashed arrows;

Z is a divalent group having up to 50 atoms, not counting hydrogenatoms;

each AR is a divalent aromatic group of up to 50 atoms, not countinghydrogen atoms;

each T is a group having up to 30 atoms total of the general formula:—(CR²⁰ _(2-x″))_(x′)—, wherein each R²⁰ substituent is independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl,inertly substituted hydrocarbyl, and groups of the formula: Q(R²¹)_(y),wherein R²¹ is hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, or inertly substitutedhydrocarbyl, Q is O, P, S, N, Si or B, and y is an integer from 1 to 3equal to one less than the valence of Q; x′ is 1 or 2; and x″ is 0 or 1;and optionally two or more R²⁰ substituents may be joined into a ring-or multiring-structure having from 3 to 50 atoms, provided that saidring structure is not an aromatic group;

M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Groups 3-6 andLanthanides of the Periodic Table of the Elements;

n is a number from 1 to 6; and

each L is a neutral, monovalent or divalent ligand containing up to 50atoms not counting hydrogen.

2. The metal complex of embodiment 1 wherein M is a Group 4 metal and L,independently each occurrence, is hydrocarbyl or halide.

3. The metal complex of embodiment 1, characterized by the formula:

R¹-R⁸ are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl,heterohydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, substituted hydrocarbyloxy, silyl,siloxy, boryl, dihydrocarbylphosphino, substituteddihydrocarbylphosphino, dihydrocarbylamino, substituteddihydrocarbylamino, hydrocarbylthio, substituted hydrocarbylthio,combinations thereof, and multiple ring including fused ring derivativesof the foregoing, said substituent having up to 50 atoms in total, and,any two or more selected from R¹-R⁴ or R⁵-R⁸ may be linked together toform one or more multiple ring structures; and

M, L, n, T, Y¹, Y² and Z are as previously defined in embodiment 1.

4. A metal complex according to embodiment 1 wherein each T is a moietyof the formula: CR²² _(2′)—, wherein each R²² substituent is hydrogen,halogen, hydrocarbyl, or substituted hydrocarbyl of up to 20 atoms.

5. A metal complex according to embodiment 1 wherein Z corresponds tothe formula: -(Q′R³⁰ ₂)_(m′)—, wherein,

Q′, independently each occurrence, is selected from the group consistingof carbon and silicon,

each R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl, said group having from 1 to 50atoms, and optionally two or more R³⁰ substituents on the same ordifferent Q′ atoms, may be joined into a ring or multiple ringstructure, and

m′ is an integer from 1 to 10.

6. A metal complex according to embodiment 5 wherein Z is selected fromthe group consisting of: —(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—,—(CH(CH₃))—, —(CH(CH₃))₂—, —(C(CH₃)₂)—, —(C(CH₃)₂)₂—, —(C(CH₃)₂)₃—,—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(C₆H₅)CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)—,—Si(CH₃)₂—, —Si(C₆H₅)₂—, —CH(C₂H₅)CH₂CH(C₂H₅)—, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—,—H(C₆H₅)CH₂CH(C₆H₅)—,

7. A metal complex according to embodiment 1 wherein each L is a ligandindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, allyl, diene, alkenyl,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy,aryloxy, boryl, silyl, amino, phosphino, ether, thioether, phosphine,amine, carboxylate, alkylthio, arylthio, 1,3-dionate, oxalate,carbonate, nitrate, sulphate, and combinations thereof.

8. A composition comprising the reaction product or mixture resultingfrom contacting a ligand source characterized by the formula:

wherein LG is a leaving group having up to 10 atoms;

Y¹, Y², Y³ and Y⁴ is each independently selected from the groupconsisting of oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur;

Z is a divalent group having up to 50 atoms, not counting hydrogenatoms;

each AR is a divalent aromatic group of up to 50 atoms, not countinghydrogen atoms;

each T is a group having up to 30 atoms total of the general formula:—(CR²⁰ _(2-x″))_(x′)-, wherein each R²⁰ substituent is independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl,inertly substituted hydrocarbyl, and groups of the formula: Q(R²¹)_(y),wherein R²¹ is hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, or inertly substitutedhydrocarbyl, Q is O, P, S, N, Si or B, and y is an integer from 1 to 3equal to one less than the valence of Q; x′ is 1 or 2; and x″ is 0 or 1;and optionally two or more R²⁰ substituents may be joined into a ring-or multiring-structure having from 3 to 50 atoms, provided that saidring structure is not an aromatic group;

with a metal compound corresponding to the formula: M(L)_(n′) or adimeric or higher order derivative thereof, where

M is a Group 3-6 or Lanthanide metal;

each L is a neutral, monovalent or divalent ligand containing up to 50atoms not counting hydrogen; and

n′ is a number from 3 to 8.

9. A method for forming an oligomeric or polymeric product, comprisingcontacting one or more addition polymerizable monomers with a catalystcomprising a metal complex or composition according to any ofembodiments 1 to 8 and, optionally, an activator.

10. The method of embodiment 9, wherein the monomer is an ethylenicallyunsaturated compound containing from 2 to 20 atoms not countinghydrogen.

11. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the product is a polymer andthe monomer is propylene or a vinylidene aromatic monomer.

12. The method of embodiment 11 wherein the vinylidene aromatic monomeris styrene.

13. The method of embodiment 11 which is a solution polymerizationreactor conducted at a temperature greater than or equal to 100° C., andwherein the resulting polymer has a rr triad content of less than 30percent and a mm triad content from 25 to 100 percent.

14. The method of embodiment 11 wherein the polymer has no appreciablemelting point as determined by DSC.

15. The method of any one of embodiments 12 or 13, wherein the polymeris substantially amorphous due to the presence of stereo- and/orregio-errors in the polymer structure.

16. The method of embodiment 12, conducted at a temperature from 10 to170° C.

17. A method for forming an oligomeric or polymeric product comprisingin polymerized form one or more vinylidene aromatic monomers, saidprocess comprising contacting a monomer mixture comprising one or morevinylidene aromatic monomers with a catalyst composition comprising ametal complex and optionally, an activator, under solutionpolymerization conditions in a reactor at a temperature greater than orequal to 100° C., and wherein the resulting polymer has a rr triadcontent of less than 30 percent and a mm triad content from 25 to 100percent.

18. The method of embodiment 17 wherein a polymer having no appreciablemelting point as determined by DSC is formed.

19. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the polymer is substantiallyamorphous due to the presence of stereo- and/or regio-errors in thepolymer structure.

20. The method of embodiment 17, conducted at a temperature from 110 to170° C.

21. The method of embodiment 17, wherein the polymer comprises at least50 mole percent of polymerized vinylidene aromatic monomer.

22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the polymer consistsessentially of polymerized vinylidene aromatic monomer.

23. The method of embodiment 21 or 22, wherein the vinylidene aromaticmonomer is styrene.

24. A polymer comprising in polymerized form one or more vinylidenearomatic monomers having a rr triad content of less than 30 percent anda mm triad content from 25 to 100 percent.

25. A polymer according to embodiment 24 having no appreciable meltingpoint as determined by DSC.

26. A polymer according to embodiment 24 wherein the vinylidene aromaticmonomer is styrene.

27. A polymer according to embodiment 24 which is substantiallyamorphous due to the presence of stereo- and/or regio-errors in thepolymer structure.

28. A polymer according to embodiment 24 consisting essentially ofstyrene in polymerized form.

It is understood that the present invention is operable in the absenceof any component which has not been specifically disclosed and may becombined with any other suitable reaction or process in a multi-steppolymerization system design. The following examples are provided inorder to further illustrate the invention and are not to be construed aslimiting. Unless stated to the contrary, all parts and percentages areexpressed on a weight basis.

EXAMPLES

General: All air sensitive procedures are performed under a purifiedargon or nitrogen atmosphere in a Vacuum Atmospheres or MBraun glovebox. All solvents are anhydrous, deoxygenated and purified according toknown techniques. All ligand sources and metal precursors are preparedaccording to procedures known to those of skill in the art, for example,under inert atmosphere conditions, or purchased. All monomers used areanhydrous, deoxygenated and/or purified according to known techniques.Propylene polymerizations are carried out in a parallel pressurereactor, substantially as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,306,658,6,455,316, 6,489,168, 6,864,092, 6,787,112, 6,727,096, and 6,548,026.All glassware and disposable paddles are dried in a vacuum oven at 200°C. for at least 24 hours.

High temperature and room temperature size exclusion chromatography areperformed using an automated “Rapid GPC” system as described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,491,816, 6,491,823, 6,475,391, 6,461,515, 6,436,292,6,406,632, 6,175,409, 6,454,947, 6,260,407, and 6,294,388. A series oftwo 30 cm×7.5 mm linear columns are used, with both columns containingPL™ gel 10 μm, MixB (available from Polymer Labs). The GPC system iscalibrated using narrow polystyrene standards. For high temperaturetesting, the system is operated at an eluent flow rate of 1.5 mL/min andan oven temperature of 160° C.; o-dichlorobenzene is used as the eluent.The polymer samples are dissolved 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at aconcentration of about 2.5 mg/mL and 200 μL of polymer solution areinjected into the system. For room temperature testing, the system isoperated at an eluent flow rate of 4.0 mL/min: toluene is used as theeluent; the polymer samples are dissolved toluene at 0.2-10 mg/mLconcentration; and 50 μL of polymer solution are injected. Theconcentration of the polymer in the eluent is monitored using anevaporative light scattering detector. All of the molecular weightresults obtained are relative to linear polystyrene standards.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements are performed on aDSC 2920 model instrument available from TA Instruments. A 10-30 mgpolymer sample is deposited as a 200 mg/mL solution in1,2,4-trichlorobenzene onto an aluminum substrate and dried under vacuumfor 4 hours at 185° C. and allowed to cool to room temperature (“RT”)overnight while under vacuum. The sample is then heated to 300° C. at arate of 10° C./min while collecting heat flow data. Reported are thepeak maxima of the melting transition.

High temperature NMR spectra are recorded on a Bruker 300 MHzspectrometer. ¹³C chemical shifts (75.47 MHz) are referenced relative totetrachloro-ethane-d₂ solvent peaks. Polymer sample concentrations are100-200 mg/ml. Acquisition parameters are 8196 scans; 30° pulse width;acquisition time=1.4 seconds; dl=4 seconds; 70-80° C. probe temperature.Tacticity of styrene polymers is determined using the 144-147 ppm regionof the ¹³C NMR spectrum (phenyl C(1)), see, Randall, Ed., NMR andMacromolecules, Ch. 13: “Polystyrene and Epimerized IsotacticPolystyrenes” (1983). ¹H NMR are also recorded on the Bruker 300 MHzspectrometer, with ¹H chemical shifts referenced relative to residualprotio solvent peaks. Due to the large number of aromatic substituentsand the complexity of the spectra in the 6.5-8.5 ppm region, the peakscorresponding to the hydrogens on the aromatic rings are generally notassigned and are denoted as “ArH” in the lists of NMR data.

Ligand Source Synthesis

Reagents used for the synthesis of ligand sources A1-A20 are as follows.

BB 1—2-hydroxy-3,5-di(t-butyl)benzaldehyde

BB2—2-hydroxy-3,5-chlorobenzaldehyde

BB3—2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-5-t-butylbenzaldehyde

BB4—2-hydroxy-3-(1-naphthyl)-5-methylbenzaldehyde

BB5—2-hydroxy-3-(1-naphthyl)-5-t-butylbenzaldehyde

BB6—2-hydroxy-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-t-butylbenzaldehyde

BB7—2-hydroxy-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-methylbenzaldehyde

BB8—2-hydroxy-3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-5-methylbenzaldehyde

BB9—2-hydroxy-3-(3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)-5-(t-butyl)benzaldehyde.

The aldehydes are converted to the corresponding benzyl alcohol (BA) byreaction with sodium borohydride. As an example, to a suspension of BB6(500 mg, 1.46 mmol) in 6.0 mL MeOH, sodium borohydride (222 mg, 5.87mmol) is added at 0° C. The reaction is warmed slowly to 25° C. andstirred for 3 h before being quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. MeOHis removed by rotary evaporation and the crude product mixture taken upin Et₂O. The Et₂O solution was washed with aqueous NH₄CL and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The product is purified by silica gel chromatography usinghexanesfEtOAc=2:1 as eluent. The desired product,2-hydroxy-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-t-butyl)benzyl alcohol, is isolated415 mg, 83 percent yield, as a white solid.

Benzyl alcohols BA1-BA5 and BA7-BA9 were prepared according to theprocedure described above for BB6. A total of 9 alcohols are prepared:

BA1—2-hydroxy-3,5-di(t-butyl)benzyl alcohol

BA2—2-hydroxy-3,5-chlorobenzyl alcohol

BA3—2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-5-t-butylbenzyl alcohol

BA4—2-hydroxy-3-(1-naphthyl)-5-methylbenzyl alcohol

BA5—2-hydroxy-3-(1-naphthyl)-5-t-butylbenzyl alcohol

BA6—2-hydroxy-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-t-butylbenzyl alcohol

BA7—2-hydroxy-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-methylbenzyl alcohol

BA8—2-hydroxy-3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-5-methylbenzyl alcohol

BA9—2-hydroxy-3-(3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)-5-(t-butyl)benzyl alcohol.

Synthesis of ligand Sources. The respective benzyl alcohols arecontacted with dithiols (1,2-dimercaptobenzene, 1,2-ethylenedithiol,1,3-propylenedithiol) or dialcohols (1,2-dihydroxybenzene, ethyleneglycol, 1,3-propylene glycol) in a 2:1 molar ratio in the presence ofZnI₂ to form the polydentate ligand source. As an example, ZnI₂ (37 mg,0.12 mmol) was added, under N₂, to a solution of BA6 (121 mg, 0.35 mmol)and 1,2-benzenedithiol (16 mg, 0.11 mmol) in toluene (3.0 mL). Thereaction is stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction isdiluted with Et₂O then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and driedover Na₂SO₄. Isolated yield is 55 mg, 61 percent, of A13 as a whitesolid after silica gel chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc=20/1). ¹H NMR(C₆D₆) δ 1.05 (s, 18H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 6.88 (m, 2H),7.12-7.28 (m, 18H), 8.03 (m, 4H).

In the foregoing manner the following ligand sources A1-A50 may beprepared:

Synthesis of metal complexes. Metal complexes M1-M8 are prepared bystandard metallation and organometal preparation techniques using theforegoing ligand sources and the corresponding metal-tetrabenzyl ordibenzyldichloride organometal complexes. The identities of the metalcomplexes prepared are:

Example 1

Synthesis ofphenylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethylthio)zirconium(IV) dibenzyl (M1): 53.8 mg of a solution containing ligand A4 solution(in 0.8 mL of benzene-d₆) is added to a ZrBz₄ solution (39.6 mg in 0.2mL benzene-d₆), and after 5 minutes the reaction solution is blown downto dryness under a stream of Ar. The resulting residue is collected,washed with 0.6 mL pentane and dried under vacuum. M1 is a pale yellowsolid (73 mg, 78 percent yield). ¹H NMR (C₆D₆, RT) δ 7.84 (d, 4H, ArH),7.50 (t, 4H, ArH), 7.4-7.0 (m, overlap w/ solvent peak, ArH), 6.94 (d/d,2H, ArH), 6.80 (d, 4H, ArH), 6.68 (d/d, 2H, ArH), 5.90 (d, 2H, ArH),3.34 (d, 2H, SCH₂), 2.99 (d, 2H, SCH₂), 1.90 (d, 2H, ZrCH₂), 1.08 (s,18H. ^(t)Bu), 0.95 (d, 2H, ZrCH₂) partially overlapped with ^(t)Bu groupsignal.

Example 2

Synthesis ofethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethylthio)titanium(IV) dibenzyl (M2): TiBz₄ (18.7 mg) and A5 (25.9 mg) are added as solidsinto a vial followed by 2.0 mL of toluene. The reaction mixture isshaken by hand until all solids are in solution. After 15 minutes, thedark red-brown reaction solution is blown down to dryness under a streamof Ar. The resulting residue (M2) is a deep red-purple solid. ¹H NMR(C₆D₆, RT) δ 8.10 (d, 4H, ArH), 7.44 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.2-6.7 (m, overlapw/ solvent peak, ArH), 6.51 (d, 2H, ArH), 2.54 (s, 4H, CH₂), 1.23 (s,8H, CH₂) partially overlapped with ^(t)Bu group signal at 1.19 (s, 18H,^(t)Bu).

Example 3

Synthesis ofethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethylthio)zirconium(IV) dibenzyl (M3): 68.7 mg of ZrBz₄ (in 3 mL of toluene) is added to anA5 solution (86.0 mg in 3 mL toluene) and the resultant yellow solutionis briefly shaken. After 5 minutes, the reaction solution is blown downto near dryness under a stream of Ar. 3 ml of pentane are added, and thelayer solution is placed in a −35° C. freezer overnight. The resultingprecipitate is collected, washed with pentane and dried under vacuum. M3is recovered as a yellow solid (106 mg, 83 percent yield). ¹H NMR (C₆D₆,RT) δ 7.69 (d, 411, ArH), 7.3-6.8 (m, overlap w/ solvent peak, ArH),6.67 (d, 4H, ArH), 6.51 (d, 2H, ArH), 2.93 (d, 2H, SCH₂), 2.75 (d, 2H,SCH₂), 1.98 (d, 2H, CH₂), 1.72 (d, 2H, ZrCH₂), 1.19 (s, 18H, ^(t)Bu),1.13 (d, 2H, CH₂) partially overlapped with ^(t)Bu group signal, 0.81(d, 2H, ZrCH₂).

Example 4

Synthesis ofethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethylthio)hafnium(IV) dibenzyl (M4): HfBz₄ (24.3 mg) and A5 (25.5 mg) are added as solidsinto a vial followed by 2.0 mL of toluene. The reaction mixture isshaken by hand until all solids are in solution. After 2 hours, the paleyellow reaction solution is blown down to dryness under a stream of Ar.The resulting residue (M4) is recovered as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR(C₆D₆, RT) δ 7.87 (d, 4H, ArH), 7.42 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.3-6.8 (m, overlapw/ solvent peak, ArH), 6.71 (d, 4H, ArH), 6.48 (d, 2H, ArH), 2.73 (did,4H, SCH₂), 2.02 (d, 2H, CH₂), 1.80 (d, 2H, HfCH₂), 1.46 (d, 2H, CH₂),1.18 (s, 18H, ^(t)Bu), 1.05 (d, 2H, HfCH₂) partially overlapped with^(t)Bu group signal.

Example 5

Synthesis ofphenylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-(methyl)phenylmethylthio)zirconium(IV) dichloride (M5): ZrBz₂Cl₂.OEt₂ (21.6 mg) and A12 (36.9 mg) are eachdissolved in 1 mL of benzene-d₆. The ZrBz₂Cl₂.OEt₂ solution is addeddropwise to the A12 solution, and after briefly mixing, the reactionsolution is dried under a stream of Ar, followed by vacuum. Theresultant solid is washed multiple times with pentane, followed byvacuum. 42 mg of an off-white solid (M5) are obtained (90 percentyield). ¹H NMR (C₆D₆, RT) δ 8.15 (did, 4H, ArH), 7.6-6.5 (m, overlap w/solvent peak, ArH), 5.72 (s, 2H, ArH), 3.69 (d, 2H, SCH₂), 2.83 (d, 2H,SCH₂), 1.62 (s, 6H, ArCH₃).

Example 6

Synthesis ofphenylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethylthio)zirconium(IV) dichloride (M6): ZrBz₂Cl₂.OEt₂ (31.5 mg) and A13 (59.9 mg) areadded as solids into a vial followed by 1.5 mL of toluene. The solutionis stirred for 30 minutes at RT. The volatiles were removed under astream of Ar. The product is an off-white solid (76 mg, 83 percentyield). ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, RT) δ 8.15 (d/d, 4H, ArH), 7.5-7.1 (m, 18H,ArH), 6.40 (d, 2H, ArH), 4.10 (d, 2H, SCH₂), 3.71 (d, 2H, SCH₂), 1.01(s, 18H, ^(t)Bu).

Example 7

Synthesis ofethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3,5-dichlorophenylmethylthio)hafnium (IV)dibenzyl (M7): HfBz4 (29.4 mg) and A16 (37.7 mg) are added as solidsinto a vial followed by 2.0 mL of toluene. The reaction mixture isshaken by hand until all solids are in solution. After 3.5 hours, thereaction solution is blown down to dryness under a stream of Ar. Theresulting residue (M7) is recovered as a pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR(C₆D₆, RT) δ 7.6-6.9 (m, overlap w/ solvent peak, ArH), 6.13 (d, 2H,ArH), 2.45 (m, 6H, CH₂), 1.78 (d, 2H, CH₂), 1.64 (d, 2H, CH₂), 0.89 (d,2H, CH₂).

Example 8

Synthesis ofphenylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethylthio)titanium(IV) dibenzyl (M8): 20.2 mg of A13 solution (in 1 mL of toluene) isadded dropwise to a TiBz₄ solution (13.7 mg in 1 mL toluene). Thereaction solution is blown down to dryness under a stream of Ar. Theresulting residue (M8) is collected, washed with pentane and dried underAr (21 mg, 62 percent yield). ¹H NMR (toluene-d₈, RT) δ 8.13 (d, 4H,ArH), 7.48 (t, 4H, ArH), 7.36 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.28 (d/d, 2H, ArH), 7.2-6.9(m, overlap w/ solvent peak, ArH), 6.76 (d/d, 2H, ArH), 6.71 (m, 6H,ArH), 6.58 (d/d, 2H, ArH), 5.81 (d, 2H, ArH), 2.71 (bs, 8H, CH₂), 0.95(s, 18H, ^(t)Bu).

Examples 9-16

The preparation techniques used in Examples 1-8 are repeated usingligand sources A45, A46, A49, and A50 to prepare metal complexes:phenylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-(t-butyl)phenyl methoxy)zirconium(IV) dibenzyl (M9),ethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethoxy)titanium (IV)dibenzyl (M10),ethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-t-butyl)phenylmethoxy)zirconium (IV)dibenzyl (M11),ethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-phenyl-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethoxy)hafnium (IV)dibenzyl (M12), phenylene,1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-(methyl)phenylmethoxy)zirconium(IV) dichloride (M13),phenylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethoxy)zirconium(IV) dichloride (M14),ethylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3,5-dichlorophenylmethoxy)hafnium (IV) dibenzyl(M15), andphenylene-1,2-bis(2-oxoyl-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethoxy)titanium(IV) dibenzyl (M16).

Example 17 Synthesis ofethylene-1,2-bis((2-oxoyl-3-(N-dibenzopyrrolyl)-5-(t-butyl)phenylmethylthio)zirconium(IV) dibenzyl (M17)

In a vial, 208.7 mg (0.28 mmol) of A20, 127 mg (0.28 mmol) of Zr(CH₂Ph)₄and 8 mL of toluene are added and mixed. After stirring for 5 hours atroom temperature, solvent is removed under reduced pressure. Thematerial is redissolved in 2 mL toluene followed by addition of 8 mL ofhexane which causes precipitation of a yellow solid. The solid isfiltered on the frit, washed twice with 4 mL of hexane and dried underreduced pressure to give 200 mg of product. Yield 70.4 percent.

¹H NMR (toluene-d8, RT) δ 8.06 (dm, J_(H-H)=7.8 Hz, 2H), 8.00 (dm,J_(H-H)=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (m, 4H), 7.32 (m, 4H), 7.23 (m, 4H), 6.99 (dm,J_(H-H)=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (m, 6H), 6.61 (d, J_(H-H)=2.4 Hz, 2H), 5.42(dm, J_(H-H)=8.4 Hz, 4H), 2.67 (d, J_(H-H)=14.0 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d,J_(H-H)=14.0 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (d, J_(H-H)=9.0 Hz, 2H), 1.35 (d, J_(H-H)=9.0Hz, 2H), 1.14 (s, 18H), 0.81 (d, J_(H-H)=8.1 Hz, 2H), −0.19 (d,J_(H-H)=9.0 Hz, 2H).

Styrene Homopolymerization in 96-Well Combinatorial Array

Metal complexes are prepared in situ and used to polymerize styrenemonomer under combinatorial reaction conditions. Solutions of metalprecursors are prepared in toluene typically at 1-20 mM concentrations.The solutions of Ti(CH₂C₆H₅)₄; Zr(CH₂C₆H₅)₄; Hf(CH₂C₆H₅)₄; Ti(N(CH₃)₂)₄;Zr(N(CH₃)₂)₄; Hf(N(CH₃)₂)₄; and TiCl₂(N(CH₃)₂)₂ (0.3 mmol) may also becombined with 0.3 μmol of B(C₆F₅)₃ to form various cationic metalcomplexes according to the invention, including: [Ti(CH₂C₆H₅)₃⁺][C₆H₅CH₂B(C₆F₅)₃ ⁻]; [Zr(CH₂C₆H₅)₃ ⁺][C₆H₅CH₂B(C₆F₅)₃ ⁻] and[Hf(CH₂C₆H₅)₃ ⁺][C₆H₅CH₂B(C₆F₅)₃ ⁻]. Solutions of Group 13 reagents(scavengers) are prepared in toluene typically at 50-250 mmol/l. Thescavengers used include: Al(Me)₃, (TMA); Al(Et)₃, (TEA); Al(^(i)Bu)₃,(TIBA); modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO); and nonhydrolyticpolymethylaluminoxane (PMAO-IP). MMAO and PMAO-IP are obtainedcommercially from Azko Chemical. Inc., Chicago, Ill. Solutions ofactivators are prepared in toluene typically at 4-10 mM, except MAO(0.5-1M). The activators employed are: B(C₆F₅)₃; [C(C₆H₅)₃]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻,(TBF20); [HN(CH₃)₂Ph]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻, (ABF20);[HN(C₆H₁₃)₂(-para-C₄H₉-Ph)]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻. (SJBF20);[HN(C₁₀H₂₁)₂(-para-C₄H₉-Ph)]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻, (SJ2BF20); PMAO and MMAO.Combinations of the foregoing reagents are prepared in situ therebyforming various catalyst compositions within a 96 well array.

Styrene homopolymerization reactions are performed in a 96-well formatusing 8×30 mm tarred glass vials arranged in an 8×12 array within analuminum block. Reagents are added from the stock solutions to the vialsusing a Cavro liquid handling robot driven by Symyx software (describedfor example in EP 1080435, U.S. Pat. No. 6,507,645, and EP 1175645). Thevials contain polytetrafluoroethylene coated stir-bars and are weighedprior to their use. Solutions of a parent ligand array of desired ligandsources are transferred to arrays of glass vials to provide 0.3-0.6 μmolof each ligand source and the solvent is then removed from the ligandarray using a nitrogen or argon stream. The resultant ligand array iscontacted with toluene, a suitable metal precursor, a group 13 reagentor an activator (or combination of group 13 reagents and an activator),and 100-300 μL of styrene monomer. A polytetrafluoroethylene membraneand rubber gasket are then placed over the top of the array followed byan aluminum cover screwed in place to seal the array. The array isplaced within a parallel batch reactor which heats and stirs thecontents of the array for the desired reaction time. The foregoing arrayand polymerization process are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,507,645, WO 04/060550 and US-A-2004/0121448. Polymerization isconducted under a variety of temperature, pressure and other processconditions.

Method 1: 75° C. Complexation, 75° C. Screening; 300 μL total wellvolume: The ligand array (0.3-0.6 μmol of each ligand) is firstcontacted with toluene (100 μL per well) and then toluene solutions ofthe desired metal precursor compound (15-30 μL per well, 0.3 μmol). Theresultant mixtures are stirred for a period of 45-120 minutes at 75° C.The array (while still on a heater/stirrer) is then treated with a stocksolution of the appropriate group 13 reagent (30 μL per well, contacttime of 10 min, 75° C.), followed by an activator (or activatormixture), 30-75 μL per well, contact time of 5 min, 75° C.). 100 μl ofstyrene is added to each well; the array is sealed; and polymerizationis conducted with stirring at 75° C. for 1 hour.

Method 2: 75° C. Complexation, 105° C. Screening; 500 μL total wellvolume: The ligand array (0.3-0.6 μmol of each ligand) is firstcontacted with toluene (100 μL per well) and then toluene solutions ofthe desired metal precursor compound (15-30 μL per well, 0.3 μmol). Theresultant mixtures are stirred for a period of 45-20 minutes at 75° C.The array (while still on a heater/stirrer) is then treated with a stocksolution of the appropriate group 13 reagent (30 μL per well, contacttime of 10 min, 75° C.). The array is moved to a heater/stirrer set at105° C. and an activator (or activator mixture) 30-75 μL per well isadded, followed by a contact time of min, 105° C.). Styrene monomer (300μL, pre-heated to 105° C.) is added to each well; the array is sealedand polymerization is conducted with stirring at 105° C. for 1 hour.

After polymerization each vial in the array is filled with toluene inorder to generate a total volume of 800 μL. The resulting toluenesolutions are mechanically agitated and sampled (40-0 μL) for automatedGPC analysis. Conversions are determined by weight of polymer producedand are approximate (often greater than 100%) due to entrained solvent.Selected results are contained in Table 1

TABLE 1 T μmol scavenger activator ligand metal Mw × run (° C.) styrene(mole eq.)* (mole eq.)* source precursor conv. % 10⁻³ ps1 105 8700 TMA(5) ABF20 (1) A1 ZrBz₄ 33 13 ps2 75 2900 MMAO (5) ABF20 (1) A2 ZrBz₄ 3164 ps3 75 2900 TIBA (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A2 ZrBz₄ 3 78 ps4 75 2900 PMAO (5)PMAO (200) A4 HfBz₄ 13 10 ps5 75 2900 TEA (5) MMAO (200) A4 HfBz₄ 20 7ps6 75 2900 MMAO (50) MMAO (200) A4 Zr(NMe₂)₄ 9 107 ps7 75 2900 TIBA(25) TBF20 (1) A4 Zr(NMe₂)₄ 18 136 ps8 75 2900 TIBA (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A4ZrBz₃ ⁺ 11 283 ps9 75 2900 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A4 ZrBz₃ ⁺ 50 123 ps10 752900 MMAO (5) MMAO (200) A4 ZrBz₄ 60 78 ps11 75 2900 PMAO (5) SJBF20 (1)A4 ZrBz₄ 88 175 ps12 75 2900 TEA (5) ABF20 (1) A4 ZrBz₄ 21 71 ps13 752900 TEA (5) SJBF20 (1) A4 ZrBz₄ 22 59 ps14 75 2900 TIBA (5) ABF20 (1)A4 ZrBz₄ 47 237 ps15 75 2900 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A4 ZrBz₄ 80 119 ps16 1058700 PMAO (5) SJBF20 (1) A4 ZrBz₄ 88 165 ps17 105 8700 TIBA (5) ABF20(1) A4 ZrBz₄ 27 150 ps18 105 8700 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A4 ZrBz₄ 31 96 ps1975 2900 MMAO (5) MMAO (200) A5 HfBz₄ 44 10 ps20 75 2900 TIB (5) SJ2BF20(1) A5 HfBz₄ 26 32 ps21 105 8700 MMAO (5) MMAO (200) A5 HfBz₄ 13 6 ps22105 8700 TIBA (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A5 HfBz₄ 15 22 ps23 75 2900 MMAO (5) MMAO(200) A5 ZrBz₄ 78 64 ps24 75 2900 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A5 ZrBz₄ 119 299ps25 75 2900 TIBA (5) ABF20 (1) A5 ZrBz₄ 98 302 ps26 105 8700 MMAO (5)MMAO (200) A5 ZrBz₄ 18 48 ps27 105 8700 PMAO (5) PMAO (200) A5 ZrBz₄ 4368 ps28 105 8700 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A5 ZrBz₄ 100 148 ps29 105 8700TIBA (5) ABF20 (1) A5 ZrBz₄ 104 170 ps30 105 8700 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A6ZrBz₄ 22 18 ps31 75 2900 PMAO (5) PMAO (200) A8 HfBz₄ 18 12 ps32 75 2900MMAO (5) MMAO (200) A8 ZrBz₄ 70 142 ps33 75 2900 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A8ZrBz₄ 84 249 ps34 75 2900 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A8 ZrBz₄ 64 147 ps35 1058700 MMAO (5) MMAO (200) A8 ZrBz₄ 26 109 ps36 105 8700 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20(1) A8 ZrBz₄ 107 172 ps37 105 8700 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A8 ZrBz₄ 32 180ps38 75 2900 PMAO (5) PMAO (200) A12 HfBzv 56 53 ps39 75 2900 TEA (5)ABF20 (1) A12 HfBz₄ 17 103 ps40 75 2900 TIBA (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A12 HfBzv34 127 ps41 105 8700 PMAO (5) PMAO (200) A12 HfBz₄ 51 38 ps42 105 8700TEA (5) ABF20 (1) A12 HfBz₄ 10 60 ps43 105 8700 TIBA (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A12HfBz₄ 35 73 ps44 75 2900 MMAO (5) MMAO (200) A12 ZrBz₄ 94 360 ps45 752900 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) A12 ZrBz₄ 106 378 ps46 75 2900 TIBA (5) ABF20(1) A12 ZrBz₄ 133 413 ps47 75 2900 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A12 ZrBz₄ 131 353ps48 105 8700 MMAO (5) MMAO (200) A12 ZrBz₄ 71 197 ps49 105 8700 PMAO(5) SJ2BF20 (1) A12 ZrBz₄ 127 203 ps50 105 8700 TIBA (5) ABF20 (1) A12ZrBz₄ 129 246 ps51 105 8700 TMA (5) ABF20 (1) A12 ZrBz₄ 91 210 ps52 752900 PMAO (50) SJBF20 (1) A15 Ti(NMe₂)₄ 5 71 ps53 75 2900 TIBA (5)SJBF20 (1) A15 TiBz₄ 2 86 *molar equivalents based on metal complex(catalyst)

Bulk Styrene Homopolymerization in 8-Well Combinatorial Array

Toluene solutions (10-20 mM) of Ti(CH₂C₆H₅)₄; Zr(CH₂C₆H₅)₄;Hf(CH₂C₆H₅)₄; Ti(N(CH₃)₂)₄; Zr(N(CH₃)₂)₄; Hf(N(CH₃)₂)₄; TiCl₂(N(CH₃)₂)₂;are prepared. In addition, solutions of [Ti(CH₂C₆H₅)₃ ⁺];[C₆H₅CH₂B(C₆F₅)₃ ⁻]; [Zr(CH₂C₆H₅)₃ ⁺][C₆H₅CH₂B(C₆F₅)₃ ⁻] and[Hf(CH₂C₆H₅)₃ ⁺][C₆H₅CH₂B(C₆F₅)₃ ⁻] are generated in situ within 8 wellcombinatorial arrays by reaction of equal molar quantities of thetetrabenzyl metal derivative with B(C₆F₅)₃. Toluene solutions (50-250mM) of the following Group 13 reagents are also prepared: Al(Me)₃,(TMA); Al(Et)₃, (TEA); Al(^(i)Bu)₃, (TIBA); PMAO and MMAO. Toluenesolutions (4-10 mM) of the following activators are also prepared:B(C₆F₅)₃; [C(C₆H₅)₃]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻, (TBF20); [HN(CH₃)₂Ph]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻,(ABF20); [HN(C₆H₁₃)₂(para-C₄H₉-Ph)]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻, (SJBF20);[HN(C₁₀H₂₁)₂(para-C₄H₉-Ph)]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻, (SJ2BF20). Toluene solution(0.5-1 M) of PMAO and MMAO are prepared as well.

Polymerizations are conducted in 8 well arrays substantially similar tothe conditions employed using the 96 well array. Two differentprocessing conditions, Method 3 and Method 4, differing only as topolymerization temperature are employed.

Method 3 and 4—in situ complex formation, 2.5 mL total volume per well:The ligand array (0.3-1.2 μmol of each ligand source) is charged withtoluene (100 μL per well) and then toluene solutions of zirconiumtetrabenzyl metal precursor (15-60 μL per well, 0.3-1.2 μmol) are added.The resultant mixtures are stirred for 45 minutes at 75° C. within analuminum block (pre-mix array). The pre-mix array is allowed to cool to25° C. with stirring. Individual vials are then treated with a stocksolution of the appropriate scavenger (30-60 μL per well, 5:1 equivalentratio based on metal complex, contact time 10 min, 25° C.), followed byan activator (or activator mixture), 30-75 μL per well, 1:1 equivalentratio based on metal complex, contact time 2 min. 25° C.). Individualaliquots of the resulting solutions are transferred to 15 mL tarredglass vials containing polytetrafluoroethylene coated stir bars; alongwith 2.5 mL of styrene and additional Group 13 reagent (10 μmol). Thevials are mounted in a temperature controlled 4×3 polymerization arrayand heated to 105° C. (Method 3) or 125° C. (Method 4). After times from1-25 minutes following addition of the catalyst solutions, the vials areremoved and 3 mL of toluene are added. The 15 mL vials are then removedfrom the glove box; transferred to a fume hood; and quenched with 5 mLof methanol. Selected results are contained in Table 2.

TABLE 2 T μmol ligand time yield conv. Mw Run (° C.) scavenger activatorcat. source (min) (mg) (%) activity* (×10⁻³) Mw/Mn ps54 105 PMAO SJBF200.499 A4 5 259 11 104 124 2.4 ps55 105 PMAO SJBF20 0.499 A4 15 536 24 7295 2.4 ps56 105 PMAO SJBF20 0.500 A5 5 1316 58 526 126 3.2 ps57 105 TIBAABF20 0.500 A5 5 556 25 222 137 2.6 ps58 125 PMAO) SJBF20 0.500 A5 51011 45 404 111 2.7 ps59 125 PMAO SJBF20 0.250 A5 10 748 33 299 97 3.0ps61 105 PMAO SJBF20 0.500 A12 3 1747 77 1165 84 3.0 ps62 105 TIBA ABF200.500 A12 3 1780 79 1187 95 3.3 ps63 125 PMAO SJBF20 0.250 A12 5 1053 47843 130 2.7 ps64 125 TIBA ABF20 0.125 A12 5 421 19 674 152 3.1 *mgpolymer/(μmol Zr × min)

Solution Styrene Homopolymerization in 8-well Combinatorial ArrayMethods 5 and 6—isolated complex formation, 4.0 mL total volume perwell: The polymerization conditions of Methods 3 and 4 are substantiallyrepeated accepting that previously prepared and isolated metal complexesM1-M8 (15-60 μL per well, 0.3-1.2 μmol) are used. In addition, thepolymerizations are conducted using 2 ml styrene and 2 ml of toluene at105° C. (Method 5) or 2 nml styrene and 2 ml ethylbenzene at 125° C.(Method 6). Selected results are contained in Table 3.

TABLE 3 scavenger activator μmol time yield conversion Mw/ Tm % % Run T(° C.) (eq.)* (eq.)* catalyst catalyst (min.) (mg) (percent) activity**Mw Mn (° C.) mm rr ps65 105 — — — 5 8 0 ps66 105 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (—) —0.500*** 5 45 3 26 4.8 ps67 105 TMA (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 0.500 5 139 8 5650 2.5 ps68 105 TEA (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 0.500 5 91 5 36 45 2.3 ps69 105PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 0.500 5 180 10 72 85 3.0 ps70 105 TIBA (5)SJ2BF20 (1) M1 0.500 5 158 9 63 78 2.5 ps71 105 MMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M10.500 5 174 10 70 81 2.8 ps72 125 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 1.000 2 283 16142 59 2.6 ps73 125 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 1.000 5 429 24 86 51 2.2ps74 125 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 1.000 10 544 30 54 54 2.3 no melt 62.711.1 ps75 125 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 1.000 15 587 32 39 55 1.9 ps76 125PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M1 1.000 20 650 36 33 56 2.1 ps77 125 PMAO (5)SJ2BF20 (1) M1 1.000 25 667 37 27 55 2.2 ps78 105 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M50.500 5 875 48 350 151 1.5 ps79 105 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M5 0.250 5 392 22314 184 1.5 205.9 ps80 105 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M5 0.125 5 193 11 308 1811.4 ps81 105 TIBA (15) SJ2BF20 (1) M5 0.125 5 124 7 198 197 1.5 ps82 105PMAO (50) SJ2BF20 (1) M5 0.250 5 460 25 368 180 1.4 206.9 90.1 1.2 ps83105 PMAO (50) SJ2BF20 (1) M5 0.125 5 160 9 256 189 1.5 ps84 105 PMAO(50) PMAO (200) M5 0.125 5 184 10 294 184 1.5 ps85 125 PMAO (50) SJ2BF20(1) M5 0.125 2 129 7 516 129 1.8 ps86 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M5 0.125 2169 9 674 122 1.8 ps87 125 PMAO (50) SJ2BF20 (1) M5 0.250 5 627 35 502107 1.6 ps88 125 PMAO (50) SJ2BF20 (1) M5 0.125 5 319 18 510 111 1.6ps89 125 PMAO (50) SJ2BF20 (1) M5 0.063 5 159 9 510 113 1.7 ps90 125TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M5 0.125 5 447 25 716 102 1.7 ps91 125 PMAO (50)SJ2BF20 (1) M5 0.125 10 518 29 414 109 1.7 ps92 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1)M5 0.125 10 868 48 694 102 1.7 no melt ps93 125 PMAO (50) SJ2BF20 (1) M50.125 15 785 43 419 110 1.6 ps94 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M5 0.125 15 106359 567 96 1.8 ps95 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M5 0.125 20 1266 70 506 95 1.8ps96 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M5 0.125 25 1369 76 438 84 1.8 no melt 83.04.6 ps97 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M6 0.125 2 163 9 653 115 1.8 ps98 125TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M6 0.125 5 425 23 679 112 1.7 ps99 125 TIBA (15) BF15(1) M6 0.125 10 803 44 642 117 1.6 192.9 Ps100 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M60.125 15 1110 61 592 106 1.7 Ps101 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M6 0.125 201261 70 504 103 1.7 Ps102 125 TIBA (15) BF15 (1) M6 0.125 25 1315 73 42196 1.8 no melt Ps103 105 TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M3 0.500 5 611 34 245 103 1.6Ps104 105 TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M3 0.250 5 293 16 234 111 1.5 Ps105 105 TIBA(5) BF15 (1) M3 0.125 5 144 8 230 106 1.6 Ps106 105 TIBA (5) SJ2BF20 (1)M3 0.125 5 101 6 161 83 2.0 Ps107 105 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M3 0.500 5623 34 249 105 1.6 no melt 77.9 4.1 Ps108 105 PMAO (5) SJ2BF20 (1) M30.125 5 112 6 179 78 2.1 Ps109 105 PMAO (5) PMAO (200) M3 0.125 5 221 12354 76 1.6 Ps110 125 TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M3 0.250 2 188 13 376 94 2.4Ps111 125 TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M3 0.250 5 283 16 226 69 2.0 no melt 71.88.4 Ps112 125 PMAO (5) PMAO (200) M3 0.250 5 304 17 243 42 1.9 Ps113 125TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M3 0.250 5 287 19 230 67 1.8 Ps114 125 TIBA (5) BF15(1) M3 0.250 10 382 26 153 68 1.7 no melt Ps115 125 TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M30.250 15 413 28 110 64 1.7 Ps116 125 TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M3 0.250 20 47132 94 66 1.7 Ps117 125 TIBA (5) BF15 (1) M3 0.250 25 475 32 76 64 1.7*based on metal complex **mg polymer/(μmol metal complex × min) ***umolof activator used

Propylene Solution Polymerization

Polymerization Reactor Preparation:

Method A: A pre-weighed glass vial insert and disposable stirring paddleare fitted to each reaction vessel of a multi-well, computer controlledparallel reactor. The reactor is then sealed and 0.100 mL of a 0.02 Mtoluene solution of PMAO scavenger (5:1 molar ratio based on metalcomplex) and 3.9 mL of toluene are injected into each pressure reactionvessel through a valve. The temperature is adjusted to the preselectedvalue, the stirring speed is set to 800 rpm, and each cell is exposed topropylene at 100 psi (700 kPa) pressure. Propylene is supplied to thecell on demand and the temperature setting is maintained until the endof the polymerization experiment.

Method B: Method B is substantially the same as method A, excepting thattrimethylaluminium (“TMA”) is used as the scavenger (5:1 molar ratiobased on metal complex).

In situ preparation of metal complexes:

Method AA: 30 μl of toluene is added to a 1 mL glass vial containing 1.2μmol of previously prepared ligand source (A1-A47). An equimolar amountof metal precursor solution (120 μl of 10 mM solution in toluene). Thereaction mixture is heated to 75° C. for 30 minutes and the vials aretransferred to a room temperature microtiter plate for use.

Method BB: 40 μl of toluene is added to a 1 mL glass vial containing 1.1μmol of the ligand source. An equimolar amount of metal precursorsolution (110 μl of 10 mM solution in toluene) is added and the mixtureis heated to 75° C. for 30 minutes. The vials are transferred to a roomtemperature microtiter plate for use.

Preparation of Scavenger and Activator Stock Solutions: the ActivatorSolution is trityltetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate (“TBF20”) preparedas a 5 mM solution in toluene. The scavenger solutions are 50 mM toluenesolutions of TMA or PMAO.

Catalyst Activation Method

Method AAA: To the reactor cells containing the metal complex solutionthe appropriate amount of scavenger solution is added. After about 10minutes, 1.1 mol equivalents (based on metal precursor) of the activatoris added and the reaction mixture mixed. After another 30 seconds, analiquot of activated catalyst solution is withdrawn and injected intothe prepressurized reactor followed immediately by injection of tolueneto bring the total volume (activator solution+toluene) injected to 0.800mL.

Method BBB: The conditions of Method AAA are repeated, excepting thatthe quantity of toluene injected after addition of activator isincreased to raise the total volume injected into the prepressurizedreaction vessel to 1.00 mL.

Method CCC: The conditions of Method AAA are repeated, excepting thatthe quantity of toluene injected after addition of activator isincreased to raise the total volume injected into the prepressurizedreaction vessel to 0.500 mL.

Polymerization conditions: Polymerization is conducted for 1-30 minutes,at a reactor temperature of 75° C. The reaction is quenched by additionof an overpressure of carbon dioxide after either the maximum allowablepolymerization time has elapsed or consumption of a predeterminedquantity of propylene occurs.

Product work up: The glass vial insert containing the polymer productand solvent is removed from the pressure cell and from the inertatmosphere dry box. In those cases where significant propylene uptake ismeasured but solid polymer or a viscous solution is not observed, thevial is sampled for GC analysis of any volatile products (indicated by“oligomers” in Table 4). The volatile components are removed frompolymerized samples using a centrifuge vacuum evaporator, followed bydrying at elevated temperature under reduced pressure in a vacuum oven.The vial is then weighed to determine the yield of non-oligomericproduct. Molecular weights of the polymer produced are determined byrapid GPC analysis Selected results are contained in Table 4.

TABLE 4 reactor complex catalyst μmol time yield Mw Run ligand precursorprep. prep. activation scavenger activator complex (min.) (mg) activity*(×10⁻³) Mw/Mn PP1 A1 TiBz4 A AA AAA PMAO TBF20 0.60 30.0 8 0.5 PP2 A4TiBz4 A AA AAA PMAO TBF20 0.60 1.2 350 486 6 1.4 PP3 A2 TiBz4 A AA AAAPMAO TBF20 0.60 30.0 8 0.4 PP4 A3 TiBz4 A AA AAA PMAO TBF20 0.60 30.0 40.2 PP5 A1 ZrBz4 B AA AAA TMA TBF20 0.60 2.4 172 120 4 1.2 PP6 A4 ZrBz4B AA AAA TMA TBF20 0.60 30.0 2 0.1 PP7 A2 ZrBz4 B AA AAA TMA TBF20 0.604.7 89 32 3 1.3 PP8 A3 ZrBz4 B AA AAA TMA TBF20 0.60 30.0 17 1 PP9 A1HfBz4 A AA BBB PMAO TBF20 1.0 8.4 87 10 14  1.6 PP10 A4 HfBz4 A AA BBBPMAO TBF20 1.0 1.0 33 32 oligomers PP11 A2 HfBz4 A AA BBB PMAO TBF20 1.020.0 80 4 13  1.6 PP12 A3 HfBz4 A AA BBB PMAO TBF20 1.0 30.0 31 1 PP13A5 TiBz4 A BB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.25 4.5 359 321 12  1.7 PP14 A16 TiBz4 ABB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.25 1.4 194 546 3 1.2 PP15 A15 TiBz4 A BB CCC PMAOTBF20 0.25 30.0 40 5 3 1.2 PP16 A17 TiBz4 A BB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.25 30.05 1 PP17 A12 TiBz4 A BB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.25 1.3 238 752 3 1.2 PP18 A5ZrBz4 A BB AAA PMAO TBF20 0.50 1.1 14 27 oligomers PP19 A16 ZrBz4 A BBAAA PMAO TBF20 0.50 1.0 22 43 oligomers PP20 A15 ZrBz4 A BB AAA PMAOTBF20 0.50 1.7 1 1 oligomers PP21 A17 ZrBz4 A BB AAA PMAO TBF20 0.50 1.734 39 oligomers PP22 A12 ZrBz4 A BB AAA PMAO TBF20 0.50 3.9 5 3oligomers PP23 A5 HfBz4 A BB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.25 1.9 16 32 oligomersPP24 A16 HfBz4 A BB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.25 1.0 10 40 oligomers PP25 A15HfBz4 A BB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.25 30.0 1 0.2 PP26 A17 HfBz4 A BB CCC PMAOTBF20 0.25 18.4 65 14 20  2.6 PP27 A12 HfBz4 A BB CCC PMAO TBF20 0.258.5 4 2 oligomers *mg polymer/(μmol metal complex × minute)

Propylene Polymerization Using Isolated Complexes.

Polymerization Reactor Preparation: The reactor preparation method isMethod A.

Preparation of Scavenger and Activator Stock Solutions: PMAO is Preparedas a 50 mM solution in toluene. Activators areN,N′-dimethylanilinium-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (“ABF20”) 5 mMin toluene or trityltetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)borate (“TBF20”) 5 mM intoluene.

Catalyst Activation method: 50 μL of PMAO solution (2.5 μmol) isdispensed into a 1 mL vial. 100 μL of the complex solution (5 mM intoluene) containing 0.5 μmol metal complex is added. After 1 minute, 110μL of the activator solution (0.55 μmol) is added and the contents ofthe 1 mL vial are mixed. Approximately 1 minute later a sufficientquantity of solution to provide 0.08 μmol of activated catalyst iswithdrawn from the cell and injected into the pre-pressurized reactionvessel, followed immediately by injection of toluene to bring the totalvolume of injected liquid to 0.500 mL.

Polymerization: The polymerization is conducted at 75° C. at a propylenepressure of 60 psig (500 kPa) for time periods from 1-30 minutes.Polymerization is continued until a predetermined quantity of monomer isconsumed or 30 minutes is reached. The reaction is then quenched byaddition of an overpressure of carbon dioxide.

Product work up: After quenching, the glass vial insert containing thepolymer product and solvent is removed from the pressure cell and fromthe inert atmosphere dry box, and in the cases where significantpropylene uptake is measured but solid polymer or a viscous solution isnot observed, the vial is sampled for GC analysis of any volatileproducts (indicated by “oligomers” in Table 5). The volatile componentsare then removed using a centrifuge vacuum evaporator, followed bydrying at elevated temperature under reduced pressure in a vacuum oven.The vial is then weighed to determine the yield of (non-volatile)polymer product. The polymer product is then analyzed by rapid GPC todetermine the molecular weight of the polymer produced. Results arecontained in Table 5.

TABLE 5 metal time yield Mw product Run complex (min.) (g) activity*activity** (×10⁻³) Mw/Mn appearance PP29 M2 10.0 121 151 74 21 2.2viscous liquid PP30 M2 9.9 110 139 77 21 2.3 viscous liquid PP31 M3 1.81 5 412 oligomers PP32 M3 1.7 0 0 453 oligomers PP33 M4 5.1 9 22 146oligomers liquid PP34 M4 8.0 7 11 94 oligomers liquid PP35 M7 1.3 1 12597 oligomers liquid PP36 M7 2.0 0 0 382 oligomers *mg polymer/(min ×μmol catalyst) **kPa/(min × μmol catalyst)

High Temperature Solution Styrene Homopolymerization

An 8 well combinatorial reactor is employed to polymerize styrene. Eachcell is charged with 1 mL of styrene, 3 mL of p-xylene diluent and 0.25μmol of catalyst. Triisobutyl aluminum (1.25 μmol in toluene) andactivator (SJBF20, 0.25 μmol, toluene solution) are added to each cell.Polymerization conditions are maintained for times up to 30 minutes.Conversions are based on undevolatilized polymer (including trappedsolvent) and may exceed 100 percent. Results are contained in Table 6.

TABLE 6 temp metal conversion Mw Mw/ mm mr Run (° C.) complex (percent)(×10⁻³) Mn (%) (%) Ps118 135 M3 79 77 2.6 Ps119 170 M3 33 74 2.5 Ps120135 M6 126 143 3.2 72 25 Ps121 170 M6 110 60 2.2 65 32

Batch Reactor Styrene Homopolymerization

The styrene polymerizations are conducted in a 2 L Parr batch reactor.The reactor is heated by an electrical heating mantle, and cooled by aninternal serpentine cooling coil containing a glycol/water mixture. Boththe reactor and the heating/cooling system are controlled and monitoredby a process computer. The bottom of the reactor is fitted with adischarge valve, which empties the reactor contents into a 2 L stainlesssteel container, which contains a small amount of 1-butanol as acatalyst kill. The container is vented to a 113 L blow down tank, withboth the container and the tank purged with nitrogen. Solvents andstyrene monomer used for polymerization are passed through purificationcolumns, to remove any impurities that may effect polymerization. Thetoluene is passed through 2 columns, the first containing A-2 alumna(available from LaRoche Inc.), the second containing Q5 reactant(available from Englehard Chemicals Inc.). The styrene was passedthrough an A-2 alumina column. The nitrogen, used for transfers, ispassed through a single column containing A-204 alumna (available fromLaRoche Inc.), 4A° (0.4 nm) molecular sieves and Q5 reactant.

The styrene was loaded from a shot tank that is filled and nitrogenpurged daily. The reactor is loaded from the liquid shot tank thatcontains styrene and toluene. The shot tank is filled to the loadsetpoints by use of a scale upon which the tank is mounted. Aftersolvent and monomer addition, the reactor is heated to thepolymerization temperature setpoint.

The catalyst (M17) and activator (SJBF20) are mixed with the appropriateamount of toluene to achieve a desired solution concentration. Thecatalyst and activator(s) are handled in an inert glovebox. The catalystis first mixed with 5 equivalents of triisobutylaluminum for 5 minutesfollowed by addition of 1 equivalent of SJBF20 metal complex. Thecatalyst solution is then drawn into a syringe and pressure transferredinto the catalyst shot tank. This is followed by 3 rinses of toluene, 5mL each.

Immediately after catalyst addition the run timer begins. Thesepolymerizations are typically conducted for 60 minutes, then theagitator is stopped and the bottom discharge valve opened to empty thereactor contents to the receiving vessel. The polymer solution is pouredinto evaporation trays and placed in a lab hood where the solvent isevaporated overnight. The trays containing the residual polymer are thentransferred to a vacuum oven, where they are heated under reducedpressure atmosphere to remove the remaining solvent and styrene. Afterthe trays cool to ambient temperature, the polymer is weighed foryield/efficiencies calculations.

DSC Measurements: Samples of approximately 8.0 to 10.0 mg size areplaced in hermetically sealed DSC pans. The instrument is a TAInstruments, Inc., model 2910 DSC. The samples are scanned from roomtemperature to 250° C. with a ramp rate of 1 deg/min. (first scan), thencooled from 250° C. to 30° C. at 1 deg/min (2nd scan) using the air cooloption, not liquid nitrogen. Finally the sample is heated again to 250°C. at 1 deg/min (3rd scan). The melting peak (if any) is integratedusing the software supplied with the DSC instrument. Crystallization, ifpresent, is determined by the existence of an endotherm in the heatingscans or an exotherm in the cooling scan.

Tacticity Determination by ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy: NMR spectra arecollected on a Varian Corporation, Mercury™ Vx 300 instrument using 5 mmprobe. Samples are prepared by dissolving approximately 300 mg ofpolymer in 1 mL of CDCl3. The following acquisition parameters are used:delay time—3 second, acquisition time—1 second, number oftransients=10,000-20,000. Line broadening of 1 is used during Fouriertransformation of the data. Percent of mm, mr and rr triads aredetermined by integration of the NMR spectrum in the region 145.8-146.8,144.9-145.8 and 143.8-144.9 ppm respectively. Results are reported inTable 7.

TABLE 7 Temp. Toluene Styrene Catalyst Time Yield Efficiency Mw/ Tg MpRun (° C.) (g) (g) (μmol) (h) (g) (g poly/g Zr) Mw Mn % mm % mr % rr (°C.) (° C.) Ps122 100 347 110 1 1 26.6 291,590 255,000 1.84 84.3 14.7 1.095.0 nd* Ps123 130 347 110 1 1 55.2 605,104 120,000 2.02 82.0 17.7 0.393.0 nd* Ps124 160 347 110 1 1 65 712,532 55,000 1.98 71.5 26.4 2.1 93.4nd* Ps126 130 427 25 1 1 9.1 99,754 64,000 1.94 81.9 18.0 0.1 — — Ps127130 404 50 1 1 20.5 224,722 97,000 1.92 78.2 20.7 1.1 — — Ps128 130 356100 1 1 49.1 538,236 117,000 1.82 74.8 23.1 2.1 — — Ps129 130 260 200 11 79.9 875,866 117,000 1.77 75.0 23.7 1.3 — — Ps130 100 500 500 1.5 3254.6 1,860,621 217,000 2.22 82.3 17.1 0.6 — — *not detected

1. A metal complex characterized by the formula:

Y¹, Y², Y³ and Y⁴ is each independently selected from the groupconsisting of oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur, and optional donor bondsbetween Y¹ and M and between Y² and M are indicated by dashed arrows; Zis a divalent group having up to 50 atoms, not counting hydrogen atoms;each AR is a divalent aromatic group of up to 50 atoms, not countinghydrogen atoms; each T is a group having up to 30 atoms total of thegeneral formula —(CR²⁰ _(2-x″))_(x′)—, wherein each R²⁰ substituent isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,hydrocarbyl, inertly substituted hydrocarbyl, and groups of the formula:Q(R²¹)_(y), wherein R²¹ is hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, or inertlysubstituted hydrocarbyl, Q is O, P, S, N, Si or B, and y is an integerfrom 1 to 3 equal to one less than the valence of Q; x′ is 1 or 2; andx″ is 0 or 1; and optionally two or more R²⁰ substituents may be joinedinto a ring- or multiring-structure having from 3 to 50 atoms, providedthat said ring structure is not an aromatic group; M is a metal selectedfrom the group consisting of Groups 3-6 and Lanthanides of the PeriodicTable of the Elements; n is a number from 1 to 6; and each L is aneutral, monovalent or divalent ligand containing up to 50 atoms notcounting hydrogen.
 2. The metal complex of claim 1 wherein M is a Group4 metal and L, independently each occurrence, is hydrocarbyl or halide.3. The metal complex of claim 1, characterized by the formula:

R¹-R⁸ are each independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl,heterohydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, substituted hydrocarbyloxy, silyl,siloxy, boryl, dihydrocarbylphosphino, substituteddihydrocarbylphosphino, dihydrocarbylamino, substituteddihydrocarbylamino, hydrocarbylthio, substituted hydrocarbylthio,combinations thereof, and multiple ring including fused ring derivativesof the foregoing, said substituent having up to 50 atoms in total, and,any two or more selected from R¹-R⁴ or R⁵-R⁸ may be linked together toform one or more multiple ring structures; and M, L, n, T, Y¹, Y² and Zare as previously defined in claim
 1. 4. A metal complex according toclaim 1 wherein each T is a moiety of the formula: CR²² _(2′)—, whereineach R²² substituent is hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, or substitutedhydrocarbyl of up to 20 atoms.
 5. A metal complex according to claim 1wherein Z corresponds to the formula: -(Q′R³⁰ ₂)_(m′)—, wherein, Q′,independently each occurrence, is selected from the group consisting ofcarbon and silicon, each R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl, said grouphaving from 1 to 50 atoms, and optionally two or more R³⁰ substituentson the same or different Q′ atoms, may be joined into a ring or multiplering structure, and m′ is an integer from 1 to
 10. 6. A metal complexaccording to claim 5 wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of:—(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH(CH₃))—, —(CH(CH₃))₂—,—(C(CH₃)₂)—, —(C(CH₃)₂)₂—, —(C(CH₃)₂)₃—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—,—CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(C₆H₅)CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)—, —Si(CH₃)₂—,—Si(C₆H₅)₂—, —CH(C₂H₅)CH₂CH(C₂H₅)—, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—,—CH(C₆H₅)CH₂CH(C₆H₅)—,


7. A metal complex according to claim 1 wherein each L is a ligandindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, allyl, diene, alkenyl,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy,aryloxy, boryl, silyl, amino, phosphino, ether, thioether, phosphine,amine, carboxylate, alkylthio, arylthio, 1,3-dionate, oxalate,carbonate, nitrate, sulphate, and combinations thereof.
 8. A compositioncomprising the reaction product or mixture resulting from contacting aligand source characterized by the formula:

wherein LG is a leaving group having up to 10 atoms; Y¹, Y², Y³ and Y⁴is each independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen,phosphorus and sulfur; Z is a divalent group having up to 50 atoms, notcounting hydrogen atoms; each AR is a divalent aromatic group of up to50 atoms, not counting hydrogen atoms; each T is a group having up to 30atoms total of the general formula —(CR²⁰ _(2-x″))_(x′)—, wherein eachR²⁰ substituent is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl, inertly substituted hydrocarbyl, andgroups of the formula: Q(R²¹)_(y), wherein R²¹ is hydrogen, halogen,hydrocarbyl, or inertly substituted hydrocarbyl, Q is O, P, S, N, Si orB, and y is an integer from 1 to 3 equal to one less than the valence ofQ; x′ is 1 or 2; and x″ is 0 or 1; and optionally two or more R²⁰substituents may be joined into a ring- or multiring-structure havingfrom 3 to 50 atoms, provided that said ring structure is not an aromaticgroup; with a metal compound corresponding to the formula: M(L), or adimeric or higher order derivative thereof, where M is a Group 3-6 orLanthanide metal; each L is a neutral, monovalent or divalent ligandcontaining up to 50 atoms not counting hydrogen; and n′ is a number from3 to
 8. 9. A method for forming an oligomeric or polymeric product,comprising contacting one or more addition polymerizable monomers with acatalyst comprising a metal complex or composition according to any ofclaims 1 to 8 and, optionally, an activator.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein the monomer is an ethylenically unsaturated compound containingfrom 2 to 20 atoms not counting hydrogen.
 11. The method of claim 10,wherein the product is a polymer and the monomer is propylene or avinylidene aromatic monomer.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein thevinylidene aromatic monomer is styrene.
 13. The method of claim 11 whichis a solution polymerization reactor conducted at a temperature greaterthan or equal to 100° C., and wherein the resulting polymer has a rrtriad content of less than 30 percent and a mm triad content from 25 to100 percent.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the polymer has noappreciable melting point as determined by DSC.
 15. The method of anyone of claims 12 or 13, wherein the polymer is substantially amorphousdue to the presence of stereo- and/or regio-errors in the polymerstructure.
 16. The method of claim 12, conducted at a temperature from110 to 170° C.
 17. A method for forming an oligomeric or polymericproduct comprising in polymerized form one or more vinylidene aromaticmonomers, said process comprising contacting a monomer mixturecomprising one or more vinylidene aromatic monomers with a catalystcomposition comprising a metal complex and optionally, an activator,under solution polymerization conditions in a reactor at a temperaturegreater than or equal to 100° C., and wherein the resulting polymer hasa rr triad content of less than 30 percent and a mm triad content from25 to 100 percent.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein a polymer havingno appreciable melting point as determined by DSC is formed.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, wherein the polymer is substantially amorphous dueto the presence of stereo- and/or regio-errors in the polymer structure.20. The method of claim 17, conducted at a temperature from 110 to 170°C.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the polymer comprises at least 50mole percent of polymerized vinylidene aromatic monomer.
 22. The methodof claim 21, wherein the polymer consists essentially of polymerizedvinylidene aromatic monomer.
 23. The method of claim 21 or 22, whereinthe vinylidene aromatic monomer is styrene.
 24. A polymer comprising inpolymerized form one or more vinylidene aromatic monomers having a rrtriad content of less than 30 percent and a mm triad content from 25 to100 percent.
 25. A polymer according to claim 24 having no appreciablemelting point as determined by DSC.
 26. A polymer according to claim 24wherein the vinylidene aromatic monomer is styrene.
 27. A polymeraccording to claim 24 which is substantially amorphous due to thepresence of stereo- and/or regio-errors in the polymer structure.
 28. Apolymer according to claim 24 consisting essentially of styrene inpolymerized form.